diff --git a/ps/ps.1 b/ps/ps.1 index d807aee4..a2fa18cf 100644 --- a/ps/ps.1 +++ b/ps/ps.1 @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ .\" Quick hack conversion by Albert Cahalan, 1998. .\" Licensed under version 2 of the Gnu General Public License. .\" -.TH PS 1 "February 25, 2010" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" +.TH PS 1 "December 2011" "procps-ng" "User Commands" .\" .\" To render this page: .\" groff -t -b -man -X -P-resolution -P100 -Tps ps.1 & @@ -12,12 +12,10 @@ .\" tbl ps.1 | troff -Ww -man -z .\" groff -t -man -Tps ps.1 | ps2pdf - - > ps.pdf .\" -.\" The '70s called. They want their perfect justification, -.\" hyphenation, and double-spaced sentences back. +.\" Ragged-right text. .na +.\" Disable hyphenation. .nh -.if n .ss 12 0 -.\" .\" .\" ColSize is used for the format spec table. .\" It's the left margin, minus the right, minus @@ -26,22 +24,6 @@ .\" .nr ColSize ((\n[.l] - \n[.i]) / 1n - 29) .\" -.\" This is for command options -.nr OptSize (16u) -.\" -.\" l=\n(.l -.\" i=\n(.i -.\" o=\n(.o -.\" H=\n(.H -.\" s=\n(.s -.\" ColSize=\n[ColSize] -.\" -.\" Macro for easy option formatting: .opt \-x -.de opt -. TP \\n[OptSize] -. BI \\$* -.. -.\" .SH NAME ps \- report a snapshot of the current processes. .SH SYNOPSIS @@ -50,11 +32,15 @@ ps \- report a snapshot of the current processes. .PP .SH DESCRIPTION .B ps -displays information about a selection of the active processes. -If you want a repetitive update of the selection and the -displayed information, use\ \fItop\fR(1) instead. +displays information about a selection of the active processes. If you want +a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information, use +.IR top (1) +instead. .P -This version of \fBps\fR accepts several kinds of options: +This version of +.B ps +accepts several kinds of options: +.IP .PD 0 .IP 1 4 UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash. @@ -65,45 +51,49 @@ GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes. .PD .PP Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear. -There are some synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due -to the many standards and \fBps\fR implementations that this \fBps\fR is -compatible with. +There are some synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to +the many standards and +.B ps +implementations that this +.B ps +is compatible with. .P -Note that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" is distinct from "\fBps\ aux\fR". -The POSIX and UNIX standards require that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" print all -processes owned by a user named "x", as well as printing all processes -that would be selected by the \fB\-a\fR option. If the user named "x" does -not exist, this \fBps\fR may interpret the command as "\fBps\ aux\fR" -instead and print a warning. This behavior is intended to aid in -transitioning old scripts and habits. It is fragile, subject to change, -and thus should not be relied upon. +Note that "\fBps \-aux\fR" is distinct from "\fBps\ aux\fR". The POSIX and +UNIX standards require that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" print all processes owned by a +user named "x", as well as printing all processes that would be selected by +the +.B \-a +option. If the user named "x" does not exist, this +.B ps +may interpret the command as "\fBps\ aux\fR" instead and print a warning. +This behavior is intended to aid in transitioning old scripts and habits. It +is fragile, subject to change, and thus should not be relied upon. .P -By default, \fBps\fR selects all processes -with the same effective user ID (euid=EUID) as the current user -and -associated with the same terminal as the invoker. -It displays the process ID (pid=PID), -the terminal associated with the process (tname=TTY), -the cumulated CPU time in [DD\-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), -and the executable name (ucmd=CMD). -Output is unsorted by default. +By default, +.B ps +selects all processes with the same effective user ID (euid=EUID) as the +current user and associated with the same terminal as the invoker. It +displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process +(tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in [DD\-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and +the executable name (ucmd=CMD). Output is unsorted by default. .P The use of BSD\-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the default display and show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the -executable name. You can override this with the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR +executable name. You can override this with the +.B PS_FORMAT environment variable. The use of BSD\-style options will also change the -process selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that -are owned by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the -selection to be the set of all processes filtered to exclude -processes owned by other users or not on a terminal. These effects -are not considered when options are described as being "identical" below, -so \fB\-M\fR will be considered identical to \fBZ\fR and so on. +process selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are +owned by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to +be the set of all processes filtered to exclude processes owned by other +users or not on a terminal. These effects are not considered when options +are described as being "identical" below, so +.B \-M +will be considered identical to \fBZ\fR and so on. .P -Except as described below, process selection options are additive. -The default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes -are added to the set of processes to be displayed. -A\ process will thus be shown if it meets any of the given -selection criteria. +Except as described below, process selection options are additive. The +default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes are added to +the set of processes to be displayed. A process will thus be shown if it +meets any of the given selection criteria. .PP .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .SH "EXAMPLES" @@ -158,539 +148,668 @@ Print only the name of PID 42: .PP .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .SH "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION" - -.opt a -Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon -the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options -are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like. -The set of processes selected in this manner is -in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. -An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to -list all processes with a terminal (tty), -or to list all processes when used together with the \fBx\fR option. - -.opt \-A -Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-e\fR. - -.opt \-a -Select all processes except both session leaders (see \fIgetsid\fR(2)) and -processes not associated with a terminal. - -.opt \-d +.TP +.BR a +Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon the +set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without "\-") options are used or +when the +.B ps +personality setting is BSD\-like. The set of processes selected in this +manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An +alternate description is that this option causes +.B ps +to list all processes with a terminal (tty), or to list all processes when +used together with the +.B x +option. +.TP +.B \-A +Select all processes. Identical to +.BR \-e . +.TP +.B \-a +Select all processes except both session leaders (see +.IR getsid (2)) +and processes not associated with a terminal. +.TP +.B \-d Select all processes except session leaders. - -.opt \-\-deselect +.TP +.B \-\-deselect Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions -(negates the selection). Identical to \fB\-N\fR. - - -.opt \-e -Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-A\fR. - +(negates the selection). Identical to +.BR \-N . +.TP +.B \-e +Select all processes. Identical to +.BR \-A . .\" Current "g" behavior: add in the session leaders, which would .\" be excluded in the sunos4 personality. Supposed "g" behavior: .\" add in the group leaders -- at least according to the SunOS 4 .\" man page on the FreeBSD site. Uh oh. I think I had tested SunOS .\" though, so maybe the code is correct. - -.opt g +.TP +.B g Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be -discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the \fBa\fR flag, -and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality. - -.opt \-N +discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the +.B a +flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality. +.TP +.B \-N Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions -(negates the selection). Identical to \fB\-\-deselect\fR. - -.opt T +(negates the selection). Identical to +.BR \-\-deselect . +.TP +.B T Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the -\fBt\fR option without any argument. - -.opt r +.B t +option without any argument. +.TP +.B r Restrict the selection to only running processes. - -.opt x -Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon -the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options -are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like. -The set of processes selected in this manner is -in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. -An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to -list all processes owned by you (same EUID as \fBps\fR), -or to list all processes when used together with the \fBa\fR option. - +.TP +.B x +Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon the +set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without "\-") options are used or +when the +.B ps +personality setting is BSD\-like. The set of processes selected in this +manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An +alternate description is that this option causes +.B ps +to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as +.BR ps ), +or to list all processes when used together with the +.B a +option. .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST" -These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated -or comma\-separated list. They can be used multiple times. -For\ example:\ \fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR -.P - -.opt \-\fI123\fR -Identical to \fB\-\-sid\ \fI123\fR. - -.opt \fI123\fR +These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or +comma\-separated list. They can be used multiple times. For example: +\fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR +.TP +.RI \- 123 Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR. - -.opt \-C \ cmdlist -Select by command name. -.br -This selects the processes whose executable name is given in -\fIcmdlist\fR. - -.opt \-G \ grplist -Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. -.br -This selects the processes whose real group name or ID is in the -\fIgrplist\fR list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user -who created the process, see \fIgetgid\fR(2). - -.opt \-g \ grplist -Select by session OR by effective group name. -.br -Selection by session is specified by many standards, -but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that -several other operating systems use. -This \fBps\fR will select by session when the list -is completely numeric (as\ sessions\ are). -Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also specified. -See the \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-\-group\fR options. - -.opt \-\-Group \ grplist -Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to \fB\-G\fR. - -.opt \-\-group \ grplist -Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name. -.br -This selects the processes whose effective group name or ID is in -\fIgrouplist\fR. The effective group ID describes the group whose file -access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgetegid\fR(2)). -The \fB\-g\fR option is often an alternative to\ \fB\-\-group\fR. - -.opt p \ pidlist -Select by process ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR. - -.opt \-p \ pidlist -Select by PID. -.br -This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in -\fIpidlist\fR. Identical to \fBp\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR. - -.opt \-\-pid \ pidlist -Select by process\ ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR\ and\ \fBp\fR. - -.opt \-\-ppid \ pidlist -Select by parent process\ ID. -This selects the processes -with a parent\ process\ ID in \fIpidlist\fR. -That\ is, it selects processes that are children -of those listed in \fIpidlist\fR. - -.opt \-s \ sesslist -Select by session ID. -.br -This selects the processes -with a session ID specified in\ \fIsesslist\fR. - -.opt \-\-sid \ sesslist -Select by session\ ID. Identical to\ \fB\-s\fR. - -.opt t \ ttylist -Select by tty. Nearly identical to \fB\-t\fR and \fB\-\-tty\fR, -but can also be used with an empty \fIttylist\fR to indicate -the terminal associated with \fBps\fR. -Using the \fBT\fR option is considered cleaner than using \fBt\fR with -an\ empty\ \fIttylist\fR. - -.opt \-t \ ttylist -Select by tty. -.br -This selects the processes associated with the terminals -given in \fIttylist\fR. +.TP +.I 123 +Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR. +.TP +.BI \-C \ cmdlist +Select by command name. This selects the processes whose executable name is +given in +.IR cmdlist . +.TP +.BI \-G \ grplist +Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. This selects the processes whose +real group name or ID is in the +.I grplist +list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user who created the +process, see +.IR getgid (2). +.TP +.BI \-g \ grplist +Select by session OR by effective group name. Selection by session is +specified by many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical +behavior that several other operating systems use. This +.B ps +will select by session when the list is completely numeric (as\ sessions\ +are). Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also +specified. See the +.B \-s +and +.B \-\-group +options. +.TP +.BI \-\-Group \ grplist +Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to +.BR \-G . +.TP +.BI \-\-group \ grplist +Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name. This selects the processes +whose effective group name or ID is in +.IR grouplist . +The effective group ID describes the group whose file access permissions are +used by the process (see +.IR getegid (2)). +The +.B \-g +option is often an alternative to +.BR \-\-group . +.TP +.BI p \ pidlist +Select by process ID. Identical to +.B \-p +and +.BR \-\-pid . +.TP +.BI \-p \ pidlist +Select by PID. This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in +.IR pidlist . +Identical to +.B p +and +.BR \-\-pid . +.TP +.BI \-\-pid \ pidlist +Select by process\ ID. Identical to +.B \-p +and +.BR p . +.TP +.BI \-\-ppid \ pidlist +Select by parent process ID. This selects the processes with a parent +process\ ID in +.IR pidlist . +That is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in +.IR pidlist . +.TP +.BI \-s \ sesslist +Select by session ID. This selects the processes with a session ID specified +in +.IR sesslist . +.TP +.BI \-\-sid \ sesslist +Select by session\ ID. Identical to +.BR \-s . +.TP +.BI t \ ttylist +Select by tty. Nearly identical to +.B \-t +and +.BR \-\-tty , +but can also +be used with an empty +.I ttylist +to indicate the terminal associated with +.BR ps . +Using the +.B T +option is considered cleaner than using +.B t +with an empty +.IR ttylist . +.TP +.BI \-t \ ttylist +Select by tty. This selects the processes associated with the terminals +given in +.IR ttylist . Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several -forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. -A\ plain "\-" may be used to select processes not attached to any terminal. - -.opt \-\-tty \ ttylist -Select by terminal. Identical to \fB\-t\fR and\ \fBt\fR. - -.opt U \ userlist -Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. -.br -This selects the processes whose effective user name -or ID is in \fIuserlist\fR. -The effective user\ ID describes the user whose file -access permissions are used by the process -(see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)). -Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fB\-\-user\fR. - -.opt \-U \ userlist -Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. -.br -It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the -\fIuserlist\fR list. -The real user ID identifies the user who created the process, -see\ \fIgetuid\fR(2). - -.opt \-u \ userlist -Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. -.br -This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in -\fIuserlist\fR. The effective user ID describes the user whose file -access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)). -Identical to \fBU\fR and \fB\-\-user\fR. - -.opt \-\-User \ userlist -Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to \fB\-U\fR. - -.opt \-\-user \ userlist -Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. -Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fBU\fR. +forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. A plain "\-" may be used to select processes +not attached to any terminal. +.TP +.BI \-\-tty \ ttylist +Select by terminal. Identical to +.B \-t +and +.BR t . +.TP +.BI U \ userlist +Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose +effective user name or ID is in +.IR userlist . +The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are +used by the process (see +.IR geteuid (2)). +Identical to +.B \-u +and +.BR \-\-user . +.TP +.BI \-U \ userlist +Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. It selects the processes whose real +user name or ID is in the +.I userlist +list. The real user ID identifies the user who created the process, see +.IR getuid (2). +.TP +.BI \-u \ userlist +Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose +effective user name or ID is in +.IR userlist . +The effective user ID describes the user whose file +access permissions are used by the process (see +.IR geteuid (2)). +Identical to +.B U +and +.BR \-\-user . +.TP +.BI \-\-User \ userlist +Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to +.BR \-U . +.TP +.BI \-\-user \ userlist +Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to +.B \-u +and +.BR U . .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL" -These options are used to choose the information displayed by \fBps\fR. +These options are used to choose the information displayed by +.BR ps . The output may differ by personality. .PP - -.opt \-c -Show different scheduler information for the \fB\-l\fR option. - -.opt \-\-context -Display security context format (for\ SE\ Linux). - -.opt \-f -Do full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many -other UNIX\-style options to add additional columns. It also causes -the command arguments to be printed. When used with \fB\-L\fR, the -NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. -See the \fBc\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the -format keyword \fBcomm\fR. - -.opt \-F -Extra full format. See the \fB\-f\fR option, which \fB\-F\fR implies. - -.opt \-\-format \ format -user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and \fBo\fR. - -.opt j +.TP +.B \-c +Show different scheduler information for the +.B \-l +option. +.TP +.B \-\-context +Display security context format (for SE Linux). +.TP +.B \-f +Do full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many other +UNIX\-style options to add additional columns. It also causes the command +arguments to be printed. When used with +.BR \-L , +the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See +the +.B c +option, the format keyword +.BR args , +and the format keyword +.BR comm . +.TP +.B \-F +Extra full format. See the +.B \-f +option, which +.B \-F +implies. +.TP +.BI \-\-format \ format +user\-defined format. Identical to +.B \-o +and +.BR o . +.TP +.B j BSD job control format. - -.opt \-j -Jobs format - -.opt l +.TP +.B \-j +Jobs format. +.TP +.B l Display BSD long format. - -.opt \-l -Long format. The \fB\-y\fR option is often useful with this. - -.opt \-M -Add a column of security data. Identical to \fBZ\fR (for\ SE\ Linux). - -.opt O \ format -is preloaded \fBo\fR (overloaded). -.br -The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output -format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify -sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this -option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or -formatting), specify the option in some other way -(e.g. with \fB\-O\fR or \fB\-\-sort\fR). -When used as a formatting option, it is identical to \fB\-O\fR, with the -BSD\ personality. - -.opt \-O \ format -Like \fB\-o\fR, but preloaded with some default columns. -Identical to \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,state,tname,time,command\fR -or \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,tname,time,cmd\fR, see\ \fB\-o\fR\ below. - -.opt o \ format -Specify user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and -\fB\-\-format\fR. - -.opt \-o \ format +.TP +.B \-l +Long format. The +.B \-y +option is often useful with this. +.TP +.B \-M +Add a column of security data. Identical to +.B Z +(for SE Linux). +.TP +.BI O \ format +is preloaded +.B o +(overloaded). The BSD +.B O +option can act like +.B \-O +(user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be +used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of +this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or +formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with +.B \-O +or +.BR \-\-sort ). +When used as a formatting option, it is identical to +.BR \-O , +with the BSD personality. +.TP +.BI \-O \ format +Like +.BR \-o , +but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to +\fB\-o\ pid,\:\fIformat\fB,\:state,\:tname,\:time,\:command\fR or +\fB\-o\ pid,\:\fIformat\fB,\:tname,\:time,\:cmd\fR, +see +.B \-o +below. +.TP +.BI o \ format +Specify user\-defined format. Identical to +.B \-o +and +.BR \-\-format . +.TP +.BI \-o \ format User\-defined format. -.br -\fIformat\fR is a single argument in the form of a -blank\-separated or comma\-separated list, which offers -a way to specify individual output columns. -The recognized keywords are described in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT -SPECIFIERS\fR section below. -Headers may be -renamed (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,ruser=RealUser\ \-o\ comm=Command\fR) as desired. -If all column headers are empty (\fBps\ \-o\ pid=\ \-o\ comm=\fR) then the -header line will not be output. Column width will increase as -needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns -such as WCHAN (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,wchan=WIDE\-WCHAN\-COLUMN\ \-o\ comm\fR). -Explicit width control (\fBps\ opid,wchan:42,cmd\fR) is offered too. -The behavior of \fBps\ \-o\ pid=X,comm=Y\fR varies with personality; -output may be one column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns -named "X" and "Y". Use multiple \fB\-o\fR options when in doubt. -Use the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR environment variable to specify a default -as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to -choose the default UNIX or BSD columns. - -.opt s -Display signal format - -.opt u -Display user\-oriented format - -.opt v -Display virtual memory format - -.opt X +.I format +is a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or comma\-separated +list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns. The +recognized keywords are described in the +.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS +section below. Headers may be renamed +.RB ( "ps \-o pid,\:ruser=RealUser \-o comm=Command" ) +as desired. +If all column headers are empty +.RB ( "ps \-o pid= \-o comm=" ) +then the header line will not be output. Column width will increase as +needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN +.RB ( "ps \-o pid,\:wchan=\:WIDE\-\:WCHAN\-\:COLUMN \-o comm" ). +Explicit width +control +.RB ( "ps opid,\:wchan:42,\:cmd" ) +is offered too. The behavior of +.B ps -o pid=X,\:comm=Y +varies with personality; output may be one column named "X,\:comm=Y" or two +columns named "X" and "Y". Use multiple +.B \-o +options when in doubt. Use the +.B PS_FORMAT +environment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are +macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns. +.TP +.B s +Display signal format. +.TP +.B u +Display user\-oriented format. +.TP +.B v +Display virtual memory format. +.TP +.B X Register format. - -.opt \-y -Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. -This option can only be used with \fB\-l\fR. - -.opt Z -Add a column of security data. Identical to \fB\-M\fR (for\ SE\ Linux). - +.TP +.B \-y +Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This option can only be used +with +.BR \-l . +.TP +.B Z +Add a column of security data. Identical to +.B \-M +(for SE Linux). .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "OUTPUT MODIFIERS" - .\" .TP .\" .B C .\" use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average - -.opt c -Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the -executable file, rather than from the argv value. Command arguments -and any modifications to them are -thus not shown. This option -effectively turns the \fBargs\fR format keyword into the \fBcomm\fR -format keyword; it is useful with the \fB\-f\fR format option and with -the various BSD\-style format options, which all normally -display the command arguments. -See the \fB\-f\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the -format keyword \fBcomm\fR. - -.opt \-\-cols \ n -Set screen width - -.opt \-\-columns \ n -Set screen width - -.opt \-\-cumulative -Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent) - -.opt e +.TP +.B c +Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the executable +file, rather than from the argv value. Command arguments and any +modifications to them are thus not shown. This option effectively turns the +.B args +format keyword into the +.B comm +format keyword; it is useful with the +.B \-f +format option and with the various BSD\-style format options, which all +normally display the command arguments. See the +.B \-f +option, the format +keyword +.BR args , +and the format keyword +.BR comm . +.TP +.BI \-\-cols \ n +Set screen width. +.TP +.BI \-\-columns \ n +Set screen width. +.TP +.B \-\-cumulative +Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent). +.TP +.B e Show the environment after the command. - -.opt f +.TP +.B f ASCII art process hierarchy (forest). - -.opt \-\-forest +.TP +.B \-\-forest ASCII art process tree. - -.opt h -No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality) -.br -The \fBh\fR option is problematic. Standard BSD \fBps\fR uses -this option to print a header on each page of output, but older -Linux \fBps\fR uses this option to totally disable the header. -This version of \fBps\fR follows the Linux usage of not printing -the header unless the BSD personality has been selected, in which -case it prints a header on each page of output. Regardless of the -current personality, you can use the long options \fB\-\-headers\fR -and \fB\-\-no\-headers\fR to enable printing headers each page or -disable headers entirely, respectively. - -.opt \-H +.TP +.B h +No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality). The +.B h +option is problematic. Standard BSD +.B ps +uses this option to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux +.B ps +uses this option to totally disable the header. This version of +.B ps +follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality +has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output. +Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options +.B \-\-headers +and +.B \-\-no\-headers +to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely, +respectively. +.TP +.B \-H Show process hierarchy (forest). - -.opt \-\-headers +.TP +.B \-\-headers Repeat header lines, one per page of output. - -.opt k \ spec -Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is +.TP +.BI k \ spec +Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]. -Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section. -The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or -lexicographic order. Identical to \fB\-\-sort\fR. Examples: +Choose a multi\-letter key from the +.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS +section. The "+" is optional since default direction is increasing +numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to +.BR \-\-sort . +.RS 8 +.IP +Examples: .br -\fBps\ jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid\fR +.B ps jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid .br -\fBps\ axk\ comm\ o\ comm,args\fR +.B ps axk comm o comm,args .br -\fBps\ kstart_time\ \-ef\fR - -.opt \-\-lines \ n +.B ps kstart_time \-ef +.RE +.TP +.BI \-\-lines \ n Set screen height. - -.opt \-n \ namelist -Set namelist file. Identical to \fBN\fR. +.TP +.BI \-n \ namelist +Set namelist file. Identical to +.BR N . +The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match the +current Linux kernel exactly for correct output. Without this option, the +default search path for the namelist is: +.RS 8 +.IP +$PS_SYSMAP .br -The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match -the current Linux kernel exactly for correct output. -Without this option, the default search path for the namelist is: - - $PS_SYSMAP +$PS_SYSTEM_MAP .br - $PS_SYSTEM_MAP +/proc/*/wchan .br - /proc/*/wchan +/boot/System.map\-$(uname\ \-r) .br - /boot/System.map\-\`uname\ \-r\` +/boot/System.map .br - /boot/System.map +/lib/modules/$(uname\ \-r)/System.map .br - /lib/modules/\`uname\ \-r\`/System.map +/usr/src/linux/System.map .br - /usr/src/linux/System.map -.br - /System.map - -.opt n +/System.map +.RE +.TP +.B n Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID). - -.opt N \ namelist -Specify namelist file. Identical to \fB\-n\fR, see \fB\-n\fR above. - -.opt \-\-no\-headers -Print no header line at all. \fB\-\-no\-heading\fR is an alias for this -option. - -.opt O \ order +.TP +.BI N \ namelist +Specify namelist file. Identical to +.BR \-n , +see +.B \-n +above. +.TP +.B \-\-no\-headers +Print no header line at all. +.B \-\-no\-heading +is an alias for this option. +.TP +.BI O \ order Sorting order (overloaded). -.br -The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output -format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify -sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this -option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or -formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with \fB\-O\fR -or \fB\-\-sort\fR). - -For sorting, obsolete BSD \fBO\fR option syntax is +The BSD +.B O +option can act like +.B \-O +(user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be +used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of +this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or +formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with +.B \-O +or +.BR \-\-sort ). +.IP +For sorting, obsolete BSD +.B O +option syntax is \fBO\fR[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk1\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk2\fR[,...]]. It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by -the sequence of one\-letter short keys \fIk1\fR, \fIk2\fR, ... described -in the \fBOBSOLETE SORT KEYS\fR section below. -The\ "+" is currently optional, -merely re\-iterating the default direction on a key, -but may help to distinguish an \fBO\fR sort from an \fBO\fR format. -The\ "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes. - -.opt \-\-rows \ n +the sequence of one\-letter short keys +.IR k1 , k2 ", ..." +described in the +.B OBSOLETE SORT KEYS +section below. The\ "+" is currently optional, merely re\-iterating the +default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an +.B O +sort from an +.B O +format. The "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes. +.TP +.BI \-\-rows \ n Set screen height. - -.opt S -Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes -into their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a -parent process repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work. - -.opt \-\-sort \ spec -Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is -[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]. -Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section. -The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or -lexicographic order. Identical to\ \fBk\fR. -For example: \fBps\ jax\ \-\-sort=uid,\-ppid,+pid\fR - -.opt w -Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. - -.opt \-w -Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. - -.opt \-\-width \ n -set screen width - +.TP +.B S +Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into +their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a parent process +repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work. +.TP +.BI \-\-sort \ spec +Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is +[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]. Choose a +multi\-letter key from the +.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS +section. The "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical +or lexicographic order. Identical to +.BR k . +For example: +.B ps jax \-\-sort=\:uid,\:\-ppid,\:+pid +.TP +.B w +Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. +.TP +.B \-w +Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. +.TP +.BI \-\-width \ n +Set screen width. .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "THREAD DISPLAY" -.PD 0 - -.opt H +.TP +.B H Show threads as if they were processes. - -.opt \-L +.TP +.B \-L Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns. - -.opt m +.TP +.B m Show threads after processes. - -.opt \-m +.TP +.B \-m Show threads after processes. - -.opt \-T +.TP +.B \-T Show threads, possibly with SPID column. - .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "OTHER INFORMATION" -.PD 0 - -.opt \-\-help \ section +.TP +.BI \-\-help \ section Print a help message. The section argument can be -.IR selection , -.IR list , -.IR output , -.IR threads , -.IR misc -or -.IR all . +\fBs\fIelection\fR, +\fBl\fIist\fR, +\fBo\fIutput\fR, +\fBt\fIhreads\fR, +\fBm\fIisc\fR or +\fBa\fIll\fR. Arguments can be shorthanded to first letter. - -.opt \-\-info +.TP +.B \-\-info Print debugging info. - -.opt L +.TP +.B L List all format specifiers. - -.opt V +.TP +.B V Print the procps-ng version. - -.opt \-V +.TP +.B \-V Print the procps-ng version. - -.opt \-\-version +.TP +.B \-\-version Print the procps-ng version. - .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH NOTES -This \fBps\fR works by reading the virtual files in\ /proc. -This \fBps\fR does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run. -Do not give this \fBps\fR any special permissions. - -This \fBps\fR needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display. -For kernels prior to 2.6, the System.map file must be installed. - -CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent -running during the entire lifetime of a process. -This is not ideal, and\ it does not conform to the -standards that \fBps\fR otherwise conforms\ to. -CPU\ usage is unlikely to add up to exactly\ 100%. - +This +.B ps +works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This +.B ps +does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give +this +.B ps +any special permissions. +.PP +This +.B ps +needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display. For kernels prior to +2.6, the System.map file must be installed. +.PP +CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent running +during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal, and\ it does not +conform to the standards that +.B ps +otherwise conforms to. CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%. +.PP The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the -page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct. -This is usually at least 20\ KiB of memory that is always resident. -SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack). - -Processes marked are dead processes (so\-called\ "zombies") that -remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes -will be destroyed by \fIinit\fR(8) if the parent process exits. - -If the length of the username is greater than the length of -the display column, the numeric user ID is displayed instead. - +page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct. This +is usually at least 20 KiB of memory that is always resident. SIZE is the +virtual size of the process (code+\:data+\:stack). +.PP +Processes marked are dead processes (so\-called "zombies") that +remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes +will be destroyed by +.IR init (8) +if the parent process exits. +.PP +If the length of the username is greater than the length of the display +column, the numeric user ID is displayed instead. .SH "PROCESS FLAGS" The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column, -which is provided by the \fBflags\fR output specifier: +which is provided by the +.B flags +output specifier: +.IP +.RS 8 .PD 0 .TP 5 1 @@ -699,24 +818,28 @@ forked but didn't exec 4 used super\-user privileges .PD +.RE .PP .SH "PROCESS STATE CODES" -Here are the different values that the \fBs\fR, \fBstat\fR and -\fBstate\fR output specifiers (header\ "STAT"\ or\ "S") will display to -describe the state of a process: +Here are the different values that the +.BR s , \ stat \ and \ state +output specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the state +of a process: +.IP +.RS 8 .PD 0 .TP 5 D -uninterruptible sleep (usually\ IO) +uninterruptible sleep (usually IO) .TP R -running or runnable (on\ run\ queue) +running or runnable (on run queue) .TP S interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete) .TP T -stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being traced. +stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being traced .TP W paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel) @@ -725,11 +848,15 @@ X dead (should never be seen) .TP Z -defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent. +defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent .PD +.RE .PP -For BSD formats and when the \fBstat\fR keyword is used, additional -characters may be displayed: +For BSD formats and when the +.B stat +keyword is used, additional characters may be displayed: +.IP +.RS 8 .PD 0 .TP 5 < @@ -739,30 +866,35 @@ N low\-priority (nice to other users) .TP L -has pages locked into memory (for real\-time and custom\ IO) +has pages locked into memory (for real\-time and custom IO) .TP s is a session leader .TP l -is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads\ do) +is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do) .TP + -is in the foreground process group. +is in the foreground process group .PD -.PP +.RE .PP .SH "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS" -These keys are used by the BSD \fBO\fR option (when it is used for -sorting). The GNU \fB\-\-sort\fR option doesn't use these keys, but the -specifiers described below in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR -section. Note that the values used in sorting are the internal -values \fBps\fR uses and not the "cooked" values used in some of -the output format fields (e.g. sorting on tty will sort into -device number, not according to the terminal name displayed). -Pipe \fBps\fR output into the \fIsort\fR(1) command if you want -to sort the cooked values. - +These keys are used by the BSD +.B O +option (when it is used for sorting). The GNU +.B \-\-sort +option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers described below in the +.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS +section. Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values +.B ps +uses and not the "cooked" values used in some of the output format fields +(e.g. sorting on tty will sort into device number, not according to the +terminal name displayed). Pipe +.B ps +output into the +.BR sort (1) +command if you want to sort the cooked values. .TS l l lw(3i). \fBKEY LONG DESCRIPTION\fR @@ -796,10 +928,18 @@ y priority kernel scheduling priority .PP .PP .SH "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS" -This \fBps\fR supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the -formatting codes of \fIprintf\fR(1) and \fIprintf\fR(3). For example, the normal -default output can be produced with this: \fBps\ \-eo\ "%p\ %y\ %x\ %c"\fR. -The\ \fBNORMAL\fR codes are described in the next section. +This +.B ps +supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the +formatting codes of +.IR printf (1) +and +.IR printf (3). +For example, the normal default output can be produced with this: +\fBps \-eo "%p %y %x %c"\fR. +The +.B NORMAL +codes are described in the next section. .TS l l l. \fBCODE NORMAL HEADER\fR @@ -819,22 +959,27 @@ l l l. %y tty TTY %z vsz VSZ .TE - .SH "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS" Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output -format (e.g. with option \fB\-o\fR) or to sort the selected processes -with the GNU\-style \fB\-\-sort\fR option. - -For example: \fBps\ \-eo\ pid,user,args\ \-\-sort\ user\fR - -This version of \fBps\fR tries to recognize most of the keywords used in -other implementations of \fBps\fR. - +format (e.g. with option +.BR \-o ) +or to sort the selected processes with the GNU\-style +.B \-\-sort +option. +.PP +For example: +.B ps \-eo pid,\:user,\:args \-\-sort user +.PP +This version of +.B ps +tries to recognize most of the keywords used in other implementations of +.BR ps . +.PP The following user\-defined format specifiers may contain -spaces: \fBargs\fR, \fBcmd\fR, \fBcomm\fR, \fBcommand\fR, \fBfname\fR, -\fBucmd\fR, \fBucomm\fR, -\fBlstart\fR, \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR. - +spaces: +.BR args , \ cmd , \ comm , \ command , \ fname , \ ucmd , \ ucomm , +.BR lstart , \ bsdstart , \ start . +.PP Some keywords may not be available for sorting. .\" ####################################################################### @@ -851,66 +996,85 @@ lB1 l1 l. CODE HEADER DESCRIPTION %cpu %CPU T{ -cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format. Currently, it is the CPU time -used divided by the time the process has been running (cputime/realtime -ratio), expressed as a percentage. It will not add up to 100% unless you -are lucky. (alias\ \fBpcpu\fR). +cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format. Currently, it is the CPU +time used divided by the time the process has been running (cputime/realtime +ratio), expressed as a percentage. It will not add up to 100% unless you are +lucky. (alias +.BR pcpu ). T} %mem %MEM T{ -ratio of the process's resident set size to the physical memory on -the machine, expressed as a percentage. (alias\ \fBpmem\fR). +ratio of the process's resident set size to the physical memory on the +machine, expressed as a percentage. (alias +.BR pmem ). T} args COMMAND T{ command with all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the arguments -may be shown. The output in this column may contain spaces. -A\ process marked is partly dead, waiting -to be fully destroyed by its parent. Sometimes the process args -will be unavailable; when this happens, \fBps\fR will instead -print the executable name in brackets. -(alias\ \fBcmd\fR,\ \fBcommand\fR). See also the \fBcomm\fR format -keyword, the \fB\-f\fR option, and the \fBc\fR option. +may be shown. The output in this column may contain spaces. A process +marked is partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent. +Sometimes the process args will be unavailable; when this happens, +.B ps +will instead print the executable name in brackets. (alias +.BR cmd , \ command ). +See also the +.B comm +format keyword, the +.B \-f +option, and the +.B c +option. .br -When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. -If \fBps\fR can not determine display width, as when output is redirected -(piped) into a file or another command, the output width is undefined -(it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the \fBTERM\fR variable, and so on). -The \fBCOLUMNS\fR environment variable or \fB\-\-cols\fR option may -be used to exactly determine the width in this case. -The \fBw\fR or \fB\-w\fR option may be also be used to adjust width. +When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. If +.B ps +can not determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a +file or another command, the output width is undefined (it may be 80, +unlimited, determined by the +.B TERM +variable, and so on). The +.B COLUMNS +environment variable or +.B \-\-cols +option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case. The +.B w +or +.B \-w +option may be also be used to adjust width. T} blocked BLOCKED T{ -mask of the blocked signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). -According to the width of the field, -a\ 32 or 64\-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. -(alias\ \fBsig_block\fR,\ \fBsigmask\fR). +mask of the blocked signals, see +.IR signal (7). +According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64\-bit mask in hexadecimal +format is displayed. (alias +.BR sig_block , \ sigmask ). T} bsdstart START T{ -time the command started. If the process was started less -than 24 hours ago, the output format is "\ HH:MM", -else it is "Mmm\ dd" -(where Mmm is the three letters of the month). -See also \fBlstart\fR, \fBstart\fR, \fBstart_time\fR, and \fBstime\fR. +time the command started. If the process was started less than 24 hours ago, +the output format is "\ HH:MM", else it is " Mmm:SS" (where Mmm is the three +letters of the month). See also +.BR lstart , \ start , \ start_time ", and" \ stime . T} bsdtime TIME T{ -accumulated cpu time, user\ +\ system. The display format is usually +accumulated cpu time, user + system. The display format is usually "MMM:SS", but can be shifted to the right if the process used more than 999 minutes of cpu time. T} c C T{ -processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of -the percent usage over the lifetime of the process. (see\ \fB%cpu\fR). +processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of the percent +usage over the lifetime of the process. (see +.BR %cpu ). T} caught CAUGHT T{ -mask of the caught signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the -width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is -displayed. (alias\ \fBsig_catch\fR,\ \fBsigcatch\fR). +mask of the caught signals, see +.IR signal (7). +According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal +format is displayed. (alias +.BR sig_catch , \ sigcatch ). T} cgroup CGROUP T{ @@ -918,9 +1082,10 @@ display control groups to which the process belongs. T} class CLS T{ -scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBpolicy\fR,\ \fBcls\fR). +scheduling class of the process. (alias +.BR policy , \ cls ). Field's possible values are: -.br +.IP "" 2 \- not reported .br TS SCHED_OTHER @@ -939,9 +1104,10 @@ IDL SCHED_IDLE T} cls CLS T{ -scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBpolicy\fR,\ \fBclass\fR). +scheduling class of the process. (alias +.BR policy , \ cls ). Field's possible values are: -.br +.IP "" 2 \- not reported .br TS SCHED_OTHER @@ -960,47 +1126,68 @@ IDL SCHED_IDLE T} cmd CMD T{ -see \fBargs\fR. (alias\ \fBargs\fR,\ \fBcommand\fR). +see +.BR args . +(alias +.BR args , \ command ). T} comm COMMAND T{ -command name (only\ the executable\ name). Modifications to the command -name will not be shown. A\ process marked is partly dead, waiting -to be fully destroyed by its parent. The output in this -column may contain spaces. (alias\ \fBucmd\fR,\ \fBucomm\fR). -See also the \fBargs\fR format -keyword, the \fB\-f\fR option, and the \fBc\fR option. +command name (only the executable name). Modifications to the command name +will not be shown. A process marked is partly dead, waiting to be +fully destroyed by its parent. The output in this column may contain spaces. +(alias +.BR ucmd , \ ucomm ). +See also the +.B args format keyword, +the +.B \-f +option, and the +.B c +option. .br -When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. -If \fBps\fR can not determine display width, as when output is redirected -(piped) into a file or another command, the output width is undefined -(it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the \fBTERM\fR variable, and so on). -The \fBCOLUMNS\fR environment variable or \fB\-\-cols\fR option may -be used to exactly determine the width in this case. -The \fBw\fR or \fB\-w\fR option may be also be used to adjust width. +When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. If +.B ps +can not determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a +file or another command, the output width is undefined (it may be 80, +unlimited, determined by the +.B TERM +variable, and so on). The +.B COLUMNS +environment variable or +.B \-\-cols +option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case. The +.BR w \ or \ \-w +option may be also be used to adjust width. T} command COMMAND T{ -see \fBargs\fR. (alias\ \fBargs\fR,\ \fBcmd\fR). +See +.BR args . +(alias +.BR args , \ command ). T} cp CP T{ -per\-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see\ \fB%cpu\fR). +per\-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see +.BR %cpu ). T} cputime TIME T{ -cumulative CPU time, "[DD\-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias\ \fBtime\fR). +cumulative CPU time, "[DD\-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias +.BR time ). T} egid EGID T{ -effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer. -(alias\ \fBgid\fR). +effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer. (alias +.BR gid ). T} egroup EGROUP T{ -effective group ID of the process. This will be the textual group ID, -if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal -representation otherwise. (alias\ \fBgroup\fR). +effective group ID of the process. This will be the textual group ID, if it +can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation +otherwise. (alias +.BR group ). T} eip EIP T{ @@ -1012,97 +1199,114 @@ stack pointer. T} etime ELAPSED T{ -elapsed time since the process was started, -in\ the form\ [[DD\-]hh:]mm:ss. +elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[DD\-]hh:]mm:ss. T} etimes ELAPSED T{ -elapsed time since the process was started, -in\ seconds. +elapsed time since the process was started, in seconds. T} euid EUID T{ -effective user\ ID (alias\ \fBuid\fR). +effective user ID (alias +.BR uid ). T} euser EUSER T{ -effective user\ name. This will be the textual -user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, -or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. -The\ \fBn\fR\ option can be used -to force the decimal representation. -(alias\ \fBuname\fR,\ \fBuser\fR). +effective user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained +and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. The +.B n +option can be used to force the decimal representation. (alias +.BR uname , \ user ). T} f F T{ -flags associated with the process, see the \fBPROCESS FLAGS\fR section. -(alias\ \fBflag\fR,\ \fBflags\fR). +flags associated with the process, see the +.B PROCESS FLAGS +section. (alias +.BR flag , \ flags ). T} fgid FGID T{ -filesystem access group\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsgid\fR). +filesystem access group\ ID. (alias +.BR fsgid ). T} fgroup FGROUP T{ -filesystem access group\ ID. -This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be obtained -and the field width permits, -or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. -(alias\ \fBfsgroup\fR). +filesystem access group ID. This will be the textual group ID, if it can +be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation +otherwise. (alias +.BR fsgroup ). T} flag F T{ -see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflags\fR). +see +.BR f . +(alias +.BR f , \ flags ). T} flags F T{ -see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflag\fR). +see +.BR f . +(alias +.BR f , \ flag ). T} fname COMMAND T{ -first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file. -The output in this column may contain spaces. +first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file. The output +in this column may contain spaces. T} fuid FUID T{ -filesystem access user\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsuid\fR). +filesystem access user ID. (alias +.BR fsuid ). T} fuser FUSER T{ -filesystem access user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID, -if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, -or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. +filesystem access user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be +obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. T} gid GID T{ -see\ \fBegid\fR. (alias\ \fBegid\fR). +see +.BR egid . +(alias +.BR egid ). T} group GROUP T{ -see\ \fBegroup\fR. (alias\ \fBegroup\fR). +see +.BR egroup . +(alias +.BR egroup ). T} ignored IGNORED T{ -mask of the ignored signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the -width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\ bits mask in hexadecimal format -is displayed. (alias \fBsig_ignore\fR, \fBsigignore\fR). +mask of the ignored signals, see +.IR signal (7). +According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal +format is displayed. (alias +.BR sig_ignore , \ sigignore ). T} label LABEL T{ -security label, most commonly used for SE\ Linux context data. -This is for the \fIMandatory Access Control\fR ("MAC") found on -high\-security systems. +security label, most commonly used for SE Linux context data. This is for +the +.I Mandatory Access Control +("MAC") found on high\-security systems. T} lstart STARTED T{ -time the command started. -See also \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR, \fBstart_time\fR, and \fBstime\fR. +time the command started. See also +.BR bsdstart , \ start , \ start_time ", and" \ stime . T} lwp LWP T{ -light weight process (thread) ID of the dispatchable entity -(alias\ \fBspid\fR,\ \fBtid\fR). -See \fBtid\fR for additional information. +light weight process (thread) ID of the dispatchable entity (alias +.BR spid , \ tid ). +See +.B tid +for additional information. T} maj_flt MAJFLT T{ @@ -1114,58 +1318,81 @@ The number of minor page faults that have occured with this process. T} ni NI T{ -nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not\ nice to\ others), -see\ \fInice\fR(1). (alias\ \fBnice\fR). +nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not nice to others), +see +.IR nice (1). +(alias +.BR nice ). T} nice NI T{ -see\ \fBni\fR. (alias\ \fBni\fR). +see +.BR ni . (alias +.BR ni ). T} nlwp NLWP T{ -number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias\ \fBthcount\fR). +number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias +.BR thcount ). T} nwchan WCHAN T{ -address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping -(use \fBwchan\fR if you want the kernel function name). -Running tasks will display a dash ('\-') in this column. +address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use +.B wchan +if you want the kernel function name). Running tasks will display a dash +('\-') in this column. T} pcpu %CPU T{ -see\ \fB%cpu\fR. (alias\ \fB%cpu\fR). +see +.BR %cpu . +(alias +.BR %cpu ). T} pending PENDING T{ -mask of the pending signals. See\ \fIsignal\fR(7). Signals pending on -the process are distinct from signals pending on individual threads. -Use the \fBm\fR option or the \fB\-m\fR option to see both. -According to the width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\ bits mask in -hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias\ \fBsig\fR). +mask of the pending signals. See +.IR signal (7). +Signals pending on the process are distinct from signals pending on +individual threads. Use the +.B m +option or the +.B \-m +option to see both. According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits +mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias +.BR sig ). T} pgid PGID T{ -process group\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the -process group leader. (alias\ \fBpgrp\fR). +process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the process group +leader. (alias +.BR pgrp ). T} pgrp PGRP T{ -see\ \fBpgid\fR. (alias\ \fBpgid\fR). +see +.BR pgid . +(alias +.BR pgid ). T} pid PID T{ -a number representing the process ID -(alias\ \fBtgid\fR). +a number representing the process ID (alias +.BR tgid ). T} pmem %MEM T{ -see\ \fB%mem\fR. (alias\ \fB%mem\fR). +see +.BR %mem . +(alias +.BR %mem ). T} policy POL T{ -scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBclass\fR,\ \fBcls\fR). +scheduling class of the process. (alias +.BR class , \ cls ). Possible values are: -.br +.IP "" 2 \- not reported .br TS SCHED_OTHER @@ -1188,7 +1415,7 @@ parent process ID. T} pri PRI T{ -priority of the process. Higher number means lower priority. +priority of the process. Higher number means lower priority. T} psr PSR T{ @@ -1200,23 +1427,28 @@ real group ID. T} rgroup RGROUP T{ -real group name. This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be -obtained and the field width permits, -or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. +real group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained +and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. T} rss RSS T{ -resident set size, the non\-swapped physical memory that -a task has used (in\ kiloBytes). -(alias\ \fBrssize\fR,\ \fBrsz\fR). +resident set size, the non\-swapped physical memory that a task has used (in\ +kiloBytes). (alias +.BR rssize , \ rsz ). T} rssize RSS T{ -see\ \fBrss\fR. (alias\ \fBrss\fR,\ \fBrsz\fR). +see +.BR rss . +(alias +.BR rss , \ rsz ). T} rsz RSZ T{ -see\ \fBrss\fR. (alias\ \fBrss\fR,\ \fBrssize\fR). +see +.BR rss . +(alias +.BR rss , \ rssize ). T} rtprio RTPRIO T{ @@ -1224,78 +1456,95 @@ realtime priority. T} ruid RUID T{ -real user\ ID. +real user ID. T} ruser RUSER T{ -real user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID, -if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, -or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. +real user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and +the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. T} s S T{ -minimal state display (one\ character). -See\ section \fBPROCESS STATE CODES\fR for the different values. -See\ also \fBstat\fR if you want additional -information displayed. (alias\ \fBstate\fR). +minimal state display (one character). See section +.B PROCESS STATE CODES +for the different values. See also +.B stat +if you want additional information displayed. (alias +.BR state ). T} sched SCH T{ scheduling policy of the process. The policies SCHED_OTHER (SCHED_NORMAL), SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_ISO, and SCHED_IDLE are respectively -displayed as 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3,\ 4,\ and\ 5. +displayed as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. T} sess SESS T{ -session\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the session\ leader. -(alias\ \fBsession\fR,\ \fBsid\fR). +session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the session leader. (alias +.BR session , \ sid ). T} sgi_p P T{ -processor that the process is currently executing on. -Displays "*" if the process is not currently running or runnable. +processor that the process is currently executing on. Displays "*" if the +process is not currently running or runnable. T} sgid SGID T{ -saved group\ ID. -(alias\ \fBsvgid\fR). +saved group ID. (alias +.BR svgid ). T} sgroup SGROUP T{ -saved group\ name. This will be the textual group\ ID, -if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, -or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. +saved group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained +and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. T} sid SID T{ -see\ \fBsess\fR. (alias\ \fBsess\fR,\ \fBsession\fR). +see +.BR sess . +(alias +.BR sess , \ session ). T} sig PENDING T{ -see\ \fBpending\fR. (alias\ \fBpending\fR,\ \fBsig_pend\fR). +see +.BR pending . +(alias +.BR pending , \ sig_pend ). T} sigcatch CAUGHT T{ -see\ \fBcaught\fR. (alias\ \fBcaught\fR,\ \fBsig_catch\fR). +see +.BR caught . +(alias +.BR caught , \ sig_catch ). T} sigignore IGNORED T{ -see\ \fBignored\fR. (alias\ \fBignored\fR,\ \fBsig_ignore\fR). +see +.BR ignored . +(alias +.BR ignored , \ sig_ignore ). T} sigmask BLOCKED T{ -see\ \fBblocked\fR. (alias\ \fBblocked\fR,\ \fBsig_block\fR). +see +.BR blocked . +(alias +.BR blocked , \ sig_block ). T} size SIZE T{ -approximate amount of swap space that would be required -if the process were to dirty all writable pages and then -be swapped out. -This number is very\ rough! +approximate amount of swap space that would be required if the process were +to dirty all writable pages and then be swapped out. This number is very +rough! T} spid SPID T{ -see \fBlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBlwp\fR,\ \fBtid\fR). +see +.BR lwp . +(alias +.BR lwp , \ tid ). T} stackp STACKP T{ @@ -1303,159 +1552,186 @@ address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process. T} start STARTED T{ -time the command started. -If the process was started less than 24 hours ago, -the output format is "HH:MM:SS", -else it is "\ \ . Michael -K. Johnson re\-wrote it significantly to use the proc -filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael Shields - added the pid\-list feature. Charles Blake - added multi\-level sorting, the dirent\-style library, the -device name\-to\-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search -directly on System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups. David -Mossberger\-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. Albert Cahalan - rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with -some ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax. - -Please send bug reports to . -No\ subscription is required or suggested. +.B ps +was originally written by +.UR lankeste\@\:fwi.\:uva.\:nl +Branko Lankester +.UE . +.UR johnsonm\@\:redhat.\:com +Michael K. Johnson +.UE +re\-wrote it significantly to use the proc filesystem, changing a few things +in the process. +.UR mjshield\@\:nyx.\:cs.\:du.\:edu +Michael Shields +.UE +added the pid\-list feature. +.UR cblake\@\:bbn.\:com +Charles Blake +.UE +added multi\-level sorting, the dirent\-style library, the device +name\-to\-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search directly on +System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups. David Mossberger\-Tang +wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. +.URalbert\@\:users.\:sf.\:net +Albert Cahalan +.UE +rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for +obsolete and foreign syntax. +.PP +Please send bug reports to +.UR procps\@\:freelists.\:org +.UE . +No subscription is required or suggested.