.ig . manual page for NEW and IMPROVED linux top . . Copyright (c) 2002-2011, by: James C. Warner . All rights reserved. 8921 Hilloway Road . Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55347 USA . . Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document . under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or . any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; . with no Front-Cover Texts, no Back-Cover Texts, and with the following . Invariant Sections (and any sub-sections therein): . all .ig sections, including this one . STUPID TRICKS Sampler . AUTHOR . . A copy of the Free Documentation License is included in the section . entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". . . [ that section is found near the end of this document & ] . [ can be made printable by disabling the .ig directive! ] . .. \# Setup //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \# ** Comment out '.nr' or set to 0 to eliminate WIDTH fiddlin' ! .nr half_xtra 4 . .ll +(\n[half_xtra] + \n[half_xtra]) . \# ** we use single quote char (') alot, so change the no-break ctrl char .c2 ` . \# Our own Bullet style(s) -------------------------- .de jBu .IP "o" 3 .. . \# Commonly used strings (for consistency) ---------- \# - our em-dashes .ds Em \fR\ \--\ \fR .ds EM \fB\ \--\ \fR \# - our program name (makes great grammer) .ds We top .ds WE \fBtop\fR \# - other misc strs for consistent usage .ds F \fIOff\fR .ds O \fIOn\fR . .ds AK asterisk (\'*\') .ds AM alternate\-display mode .ds AS auxiliary storage .ds CF configuration file .ds CG \'current\' window/field group .ds CI interactive command .ds CO command\-line option .ds CT command toggle .ds CW \'current\' window .ds FG field group .ds FM full\-screen mode .ds KA arrow key .ds KS scrolling key .ds MP \fBphysical\fR memory .ds MS \fBshared\fR memory .ds MV \fBvirtual\fR memory .ds NT \fBNote\fR: .ds PU CPU .ds Pu cpu .ds SA summary area .ds TA task area .ds TD task display .ds TT \fBtasks\fR or\fB threads\fR .ds TW task window \# Reference to the various widths/sizes ------------ \# - the max screen width limit .ds WX 512 \# - the header width w/ all fields .ds WF approximately 200 \# - max room for the command column .ds WC 300+ \# - pid monitoring limit .ds WP 20 \# Xref's that depend on/mention other stuff -------- .ds Xa see .ds XC See the .ds Xc see the .ds XT See topic .ds Xt see topic . .\" Document ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .TH TOP 1 "April 2011" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH NAME .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \*(We \- display Linux processes .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH SYNOPSIS .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \*(WE \-\fBhv\fR | \-\fBbcHisS\fR \-\fBd\fI delay\fR \-\fBn\fI limit\fR \-\fBu\fR|\fBU\fI user\fR | \-\fBp\fI pid\fR [,\fIpid\fR ...] The traditional switches '-' and whitespace are optional. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH DESCRIPTION .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The \*(WE program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. It can display\fB system\fR summary information as well as a list of \*(TT currently being managed by the Linux kernel. The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and size of information displayed for processes are all user configurable and that configuration can be made persistent across restarts. The program provides a limited interactive interface for process manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal configuration \*(Em encompassing every aspect of its operation. And while \*(WE is referred to throughout this document, you are free to name the program anything you wish. That new name, possibly an alias, will then be reflected on \*(We's display and used when reading and writing a \*(CF. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH OVERVIEW .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ...................................................................... .SS Documentation .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The remaining Table of Contents .Bd -literal 1. COMMAND\-LINE Options 2. SUMMARY Display a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages b. TASK and CPU States c. MEMORY Usage 3. FIELDS / Columns Display a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields b. MANAGING Fields 4. INTERACTIVE Commands a. GLOBAL Commands b. SUMMARY AREA Commands c. TASK AREA Commands d. COLOR Mapping 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions a. WINDOWS Overview b. COMMANDS for Windows c. SCROLLING a Window 6. FILES a. SYSTEM Configuration File b. PERSONAL Configuration File 7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler a. Kernel Magic b. Bouncing Windows c. The Big Bird Window 8. BUGS, 9. HISTORY Former top, 10. AUTHOR, 11. SEE Also .Ed .\" ...................................................................... .SS Operation .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- When operating \*(We, the two most important keys are the help ('h' or '?') key and quit ('q') key. Alternatively, you could simply use the traditional interrupt key ('^C') when you're done. Some of \*(We's screens or functions require the use of cursor motion keys like the standard \*(KAs plus the Home, End, PgUp and PgDn keys. If your terminal or emulator does not provide those keys, the following keys are accepted for compatibility: .Bd -literal -compact \fI key equivalents \fR Up alt +\fB \\ \fR or alt +\fB k \fR Down alt +\fB / \fR or alt +\fB j \fR Left alt +\fB < \fR or alt +\fB h \fR Right alt +\fB > \fR or alt +\fB l \fR (lower case L) PgUp alt +\fB Up \fR PgDn alt +\fB Down \fR Home alt +\fB Left \fR End alt +\fB Right \fR .Ed When you start \*(We for the first time, you'll be presented with these traditional screen elements: 1) Summary Area; 2) Fields/Columns Header; 3) Task Area. These areas will be explored in the sections that follow. There is also an Input/Message line between the Summary Area and Columns Header which needs no further explanation. .PP \*(NT the width of \*(We's display will be limited to \*(WX positions. Displaying all fields requires \*(WF characters. The remaining width is used for the 'COMMAND' column which can display the program name or a complete command line, reflecting path and arguments. .\" ...................................................................... .SS Startup Defaults .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following startup defaults assume no \*(CF, thus no user customizations. Even so, items shown with an \*(AK could be overridden through the command-line. All are explained in detail in the sections that follow. .Bd -literal \fIGlobal-defaults\fR 'A' - Alt display Off (full-screen) * 'd' - Delay time 3.0 seconds * 'H' - Threads mode Off (summarize as tasks) 'I' - Irix mode On\ \ (no, 'solaris' smp) * 'p' - PID monitoring Off (show all processes) * 's' - Secure mode Off (unsecured) 'B' - Bold enable On\ \ (yes, bold globally) \fISummary-Area-defaults\fR 'l' - Load Avg/Uptime On\ \ (thus program name) 't' - Task/Cpu states On\ \ (1+1 lines, see '1') 'm' - Mem/Swap usage On\ \ (2 lines worth) '1' - Single Cpu On\ \ (thus 1 line if smp) \fITask-Area-defaults\fR 'b' - Bold hilite On\ \ (not 'reverse') * 'c' - Command line Off (name, not cmdline) * 'i' - Idle tasks On\ \ (show all tasks) 'R' - Reverse sort On\ \ (pids high-to-low) * 'S' - Cumulative time Off (no, dead children) * 'u' - User filter Off (show euid only) * 'U' - User filter Off (show any uid) 'x' - Column hilite Off (no, sort field) 'y' - Row hilite On\ \ (yes, running tasks) 'z' - color/mono Off (no, colors) .Ed .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 1. COMMAND-LINE Options .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The command-line syntax for \*(We consists of: \-\fBhv\fR | \-\fBbcHisS\fR \-\fBd\fI delay\fR \-\fBn\fI limit\fR \-\fBu\fR|\fBU\fI user\fR | \-\fBp\fI pid\fR [,\fIpid\fR ...] The typically mandatory switches ('-') and even whitespace are completely optional. .TP 5 \-\fBh\fR | \-\fBv\fR :\fI Help/Version \fR Show library version and the usage prompt, then quit. .TP 5 \-\fBb\fR :\fI Batch-mode\fR operation \fR Starts \*(We in 'Batch mode', which could be useful for sending output from \*(We to other programs or to a file. In this mode, \*(We will not accept input and runs until the iterations limit you've set with the '-n' \*(CO or until killed. .TP 5 \-\fBc\fR :\fI Command-line/Program-name\fR toggle \fR Starts \*(We with the last remembered 'c' state reversed. Thus, if \*(We was displaying command lines, now that field will show program names, and visa versa. \*(XC 'c' \*(CI for additional information. .TP 5 \-\fBd\fR :\fI Delay-time\fR interval as:\ \ \fB-d ss.tt\fR (\fIsecs\fR.\fItenths\fR) \fR Specifies the delay between screen updates, and overrides the corresponding value in one's personal \*(CF or the startup default. Later this can be changed with the 'd' or 's' \*(CIs. Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed. In all cases, however, such changes are prohibited if \*(We is running in 'Secure mode', except for root (unless the 's' \*(CO was used). For additional information on 'Secure mode' \*(Xt 6a. SYSTEM Configuration File. .TP 5 \-\fBH\fR :\fI Threads-mode\fR operation \fR Instructs \*(We to display individual threads. Without this \*(CO a summation of all threads in each process is shown. Later this can be changed with the 'H' \*(CI. .TP 5 \-\fBi\fR :\fI Idle-process\fR toggle \fR Starts \*(We with the last remembered 'i' state reversed. When this toggle is \*F, tasks that have not used any \*(PU since the last update will not be displayed. For additional information regarding this toggle \*(Xt 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SIZE. .TP 5 \-\fBn\fR :\fI Number-of-iterations\fR limit as:\fB\ \ -n number \fR Specifies the maximum number of iterations, or frames, \*(We should produce before ending. .TP 5 \-\fBp\fR :\fI Monitor-PIDs\fR mode as:\fB\ \ -pN1 -pN2 ...\fR\ \ or\fB\ \ -pN1,N2,N3 ... \fR Monitor only processes with specified process IDs. This option can be given up to \*(WP times, or you can provide a comma delimited list with up to \*(WP pids. Co-mingling both approaches is permitted. This is a \*(CO only and should you wish to return to normal operation, it is not necessary to quit and and restart \*(We \*(Em just issue any of these \*(CIs: '=', 'u' or 'U'. The 'p', 'u' and 'U' \*(COs are mutually exclusive. .TP 5 \-\fBs\fR :\fI Secure-mode\fR operation \fR Starts \*(We with secure mode forced, even for root. This mode is far better controlled through the system \*(CF (\*(Xt 6. FILES). .TP 5 \-\fBS\fR :\fI Cumulative-time\fR toggle \fR Starts \*(We with the last remembered 'S' state reversed. When 'Cumulative time' mode is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu time that it and its dead children have used. \*(XC 'S' \*(CI for additional information regarding this mode. .TP 5 \-\fBu\fR | \-\fBU\fR :\fI User-filter-mode\fR as:\ \ -u | -U\fB number\fR or\fB name \fR Display only processes with a user id or user name matching that given. The '-u' option matches on \fB effective\fR user whereas the '-U' option matches on\fB any\fR user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem). The 'p', 'u' and 'U' \*(COs are mutually exclusive. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 2. SUMMARY Display .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Each of the following three areas are individually controlled through one or more \*(CIs. \*(XT 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands for additional information regarding these provisions. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 2a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This portion consists of a single line containing: .Bd -literal -compact \fBprogram\fR or\fB window\fR name, depending on display mode current time and length of time since last boot total number of users system load avg over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes .Ed .\" ...................................................................... .SS 2b. TASK and CPU States .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This portion consists of a minimum of two lines. In an SMP environment, additional lines can reflect individual \*(PU state percentages. Line 1 shows total\fB tasks\fR or\fB threads\fR, depending on the state of the Threads-mode toggle. That total is further classified as: .Bd -literal -compact running; sleeping; stopped; zombie .Ed Line 2 shows \*(PU state percentages based on the interval since the last refresh. Where two labels are shown below, those for more recent kernel versions are shown first. .Bd -literal -compact \fBus\fR,\fB user\fR : time running un-niced user processes \fBsy\fR,\fB system\fR : time running kernel processes \fBni\fR,\fB nice\fR : time running niced user processes \fBwa\fR,\fB IO-wait\fR : time waiting for I/O completion \fBhi\fR : time spent servicing hardware interrupts \fBsi\fR : time spent servicing software interrupts \fBst\fR : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor .Ed .\" ...................................................................... .SS 2c. MEMORY Usage .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This portion consists of two lines which may express values in kilobytes (Kb), megabytes (Mb) or gigabytes (Gb) depending on the amount of currently installed \*(MP. Line 1 reflects \*(MP, classified as: total, used, free, buffers Line 2 reflects \*(MV, classified as: total, used, free, cached .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 3. FIELDS / Columns .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ...................................................................... .SS 3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Listed below are \*(We's available process fields (columns). They are shown in alphabetical order. You may customize their position and whether or not they are displayable with the 'f' or 'F' (Fields Management) \*(CIs. Any field is selectable as the sort field, and you control whether they are sorted high-to-low or low-to-high. For additional information on sort provisions \*(Xt 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING. .TP 4 1.\fB CODE \*(Em Code Size (kb) \fR The amount of \*(MP devoted to executable code, also known as the 'text resident set' size or TRS. .TP 4 2.\fB COMMAND \*(Em Command\fB Name\fR or Command\fB Line \fR Display the command line used to start a task or the name of the associated program. You toggle between command\fI line\fR and\fI name\fR with 'c', which is both a \*(CO and an \*(CI. When you've chosen to display command lines, processes without a command line (like kernel threads) will be shown with only the program name in brackets, as in this example: \fR[ mdrecoveryd ] Either form of display is subject to potential truncation if it's too long to fit in this field's current width. That width depends upon other fields selected, their order and the current screen width. \*(NT The 'COMMAND' field/column is unique, in that it is not fixed-width. When displayed, this column will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum \*(WX characters) to provide for the potential growth of program names into command lines. .TP 4 3.\fB %CPU \*(Em \*(PU Usage \fR The task's share of the elapsed \*(PU time since the last screen update, expressed as a percentage of total \*(PU time. In a true SMP environment, if 'Irix mode' is \*F, \*(We will operate in 'Solaris mode' where a task's \*(Pu usage will be divided by the total number of \*(PUs. You toggle 'Irix/Solaris' modes with the 'I' \*(CI. .TP 4 4.\fB DATA \*(Em Data + Stack Size (kb) \fR The amount of \*(MP devoted to other than executable code, also known as the 'data resident set' size or DRS. .TP 4 5.\fB Flags \*(Em Task Flags \fR This column represents the task's current scheduling flags which are expressed in hexadecimal notation and with zeros suppressed. These flags are officially documented in . .TP 4 6.\fB GID \*(Em Group Id \fR The\fI effective\fR group ID. .TP 4 7.\fB GROUP \*(Em Group Name \fR The\fI effective\fR group name. .TP 4 8.\fB %MEM \*(Em Memory Usage (RES) \fR A task's currently used share of available \*(MP. .TP 4 9.\fB NI \*(Em Nice Value \fR The nice value of the task. A negative nice value means higher priority, whereas a positive nice value means lower priority. Zero in this field simply means priority will not be adjusted in determining a task's dispatch-ability. .TP 4 10.\fB nDRT \*(Em Dirty Pages Count \fR The number of pages that have been modified since they were last written to \*(AS. Dirty pages must be written to \*(AS before the corresponding physical memory location can be used for some other virtual page. .TP 4 11.\fB nMaj \*(Em Major Page Fault Count \fR The number of\fB major\fR page faults that have occurred for a task. A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a virtual page that is not currently present in its address space. A major page fault is when \*(AS access is involved in making that page available. .TP 4 12.\fB nMin \*(Em Minor Page Fault count \fR The number of\fB minor\fR page faults that have occurred for a task. A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a virtual page that is not currently present in its address space. A minor page fault does not involve \*(AS access in making that page available. .TP 4 13.\fB nTH \*(Em Number of Threads \fR The number of threads associated with a process. .TP 4 14.\fB P \*(Em Last used \*(PU (SMP) \fR A number representing the last used processor. In a true SMP environment this will likely change frequently since the kernel intentionally uses weak affinity. Also, the very act of running \*(We may break this weak affinity and cause more processes to change \*(PUs more often (because of the extra demand for \*(Pu time). .TP 4 15.\fB PGRP \*(Em Process Group Id \fR Every process is member of a unique process group which is used for distribution of signals and by terminals to arbitrate requests for their input and output. When a process is created (forked), it becomes a member of the process group of its parent. By convention, this value equals the process ID (\*(Xa PID) of the first member of a process group, called the process group leader. .TP 4 16.\fB PID \*(Em Process Id \fR The task's unique process ID, which periodically wraps, though never restarting at zero. This value may also be used as: a process group ID (\*(Xa PGRP); a session ID for the session leader (\*(Xa SID); and a TTY process group ID for the process group leader (\*(Xa TPGID). .TP 4 17.\fB PPID \*(Em Parent Process pid \fR The process ID of a task's parent. .TP 4 18.\fB PR \*(Em Priority \fR The priority of the task. .TP 4 19.\fB RES \*(Em Resident Memory Size (kb) \fR The non-swapped \*(MP a task has used. .TP 4 20.\fB RUID \*(Em Real User Id \fR The\fI real\fR user ID. .TP 4 21.\fB RUSER \*(Em Real User Name \fR The\fI real\fR user name. .TP 4 22.\fB S \*(Em Process Status \fR The status of the task which can be one of: '\fBD\fR' = uninterruptible sleep '\fBR\fR' = running '\fBS\fR' = sleeping '\fBT\fR' = traced or stopped '\fBZ\fR' = zombie Tasks shown as running should be more properly thought of as 'ready to run' \*(Em their task_struct is simply represented on the Linux run-queue. Even without a true SMP machine, you may see numerous tasks in this state depending on \*(We's delay interval and nice value. .TP 4 23.\fB SHR \*(Em Shared Memory Size (kb) \fR The amount of \*(MS available to a task, not all of which is typically resident. It simply reflects memory that could be potentially shared with other processes. .TP 4 24.\fB SID \*(Em Session Id \fR A session is a collection of process groups (\*(Xa PGRP), usually established by the login shell. A newly forked process joins the session of its creator. By convention, this value equals the process ID (\*(Xa PID) of the first member of the session, called the session leader, which is usually the login shell. .TP 4 25.\fB SUID \*(Em Saved User Id \fR The\fI saved\fR user ID. .TP 4 26.\fB SUSER \*(Em Saved User Name \fR The\fI saved\fR user name. .TP 4 27.\fB SWAP \*(Em Swapped Size (kb) \fR The non-resident portion of a task's address space. SWAP = VIRT - RES. .TP 4 28.\fB TIME \*(Em \*(PU Time \fR Total \*(PU time the task has used since it started. When 'Cumulative mode' is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu time that it and its dead children have used. You toggle 'Cumulative mode' with 'S', which is both a \*(CO and an \*(CI. \*(XC 'S' \*(CI for additional information regarding this mode. .TP 4 29.\fB TIME+ \*(Em \*(PU Time, hundredths \fR The same as 'TIME', but reflecting more granularity through hundredths of a second. .TP 4 30.\fB TPGID \*(Em Tty Process Group Id \fR The process group ID of the foreground process for the connected tty, or -1 if a process is not connected to a terminal. By convention, this value equals the process ID (\*(Xa PID) of the the process group leader (\*(Xa PGRP). .TP 4 31.\fB TTY \*(Em Controlling Tty \fR The name of the controlling terminal. This is usually the device (serial port, pty, etc.) from which the process was started, and which it uses for input or output. However, a task need not be associated with a terminal, in which case you'll see '?' displayed. .TP 4 32.\fB UID \*(Em User Id \fR The\fI effective\fR user ID of the task's owner. .TP 4 33.\fB USER \*(Em User Name \fR The\fI effective\fR user name of the task's owner. .TP 4 34.\fB VIRT \*(Em Virtual Memory Size (kb) \fR The total amount of \*(MV used by the task. It includes all code, data and shared libraries plus pages that have been swapped out and pages that have been mapped but not used. VIRT = SWAP + RES. .TP 4 35.\fB WCHAN \*(Em Sleeping in Function \fR Depending on the availability of the kernel link map ('System.map'), this field will show the name or the address of the kernel function in which the task is currently sleeping. Running tasks will display a dash ('-') in this column. \*(NT By displaying this field, \*(We's own working set will be increased by over 700Kb. Your only means of reducing that overhead will be to stop and restart \*(We. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 3b. MANAGING Fields .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- After pressing the \*(CI 'f' or 'F' (Fields Management) you will be presented with a screen showing: 1) the \*(CW name; 2) the designated sort field; 3) all fields in their current order along with descriptions. Entries marked with an asterisk are the currently displayed fields, screen width permitting. .RS +4 .jBu As the on screen instructions indicate, you navigate among the fields with the\fB Up\fR and\fB Down\fR \*(KAs. The PgUp, PgDn, Home and End keys can also be used to quickly reach the first or last available field. .jBu The\fB Right\fR \*(KA selects a field for repositioning and the\fB Left\fR \*(KA or the <\fBEnter\fR> key commits that field's placement. .jBu The '\fBd\fR' key or the <\fBSpace\fR> bar toggles a field's display status, and thus the presence or absence of the asterisk. .jBu The '\fBs\fR' key designates a field as the sort field. \*(XT 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING for additional information regarding your selection of a sort field. .jBu The '\fBa\fR' and '\fBw\fR' keys can be used to cycle through all available windows and the '\fBq\fR' or <\fBEsc\fR> keys exit Fields Management. .RS -4 .PP The Fields Management screen can also be used to change the \*(CG in either \*(FM or \*(AM. Whatever was targeted when 'q' or was pressed will be made current as you return to the \*(We display. \*(XT 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions and the 'g' \*(CI for insight into \*(CWs and \*(FGs. .PP \*(NT Any window that has been scrolled\fI horizontally\fR will be reset if any field changes are made via the Fields Management screen. Any\fI vertical\fR scrolled position, however, will not be affected. \*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical and horizontal scrolling. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 4. INTERACTIVE Commands .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Listed below is a brief index of commands within categories. Some commands appear more than once \*(Em their meaning or scope may vary depending on the context in which they are issued. .Bd -literal 4a.\fI Global-Commands \fR ?, =, A, B, d, g, h, H, I, k, q, r, s, W, Z 4b.\fI Summary-Area-Commands \fR l, t, 1, m 4c.\fI Task-Area-Commands \fR Appearance: b, x, y, z Content: c, f, F, S, u, U Size: #, i, n Sorting: <, >, f, F, R 4d.\fI Color-Mapping \fR , a, B, b, H, M, q, S, T, w, z, 0 - 7 5b.\fI Commands-for-Windows \fR -, _, =, +, A, a, g, G, w 5c.\fI Scrolling-a-Window \fR C, Up, Dn, Left, Right, PgUp, PgDn, Home, End .Ed .\" ...................................................................... .SS 4a. GLOBAL Commands .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The global \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available\fR in both \*(FM and \*(AM. However, some of these \*(CIs are\fB not available\fR when running in 'Secure mode'. If you wish to know in advance whether or not your \*(We has been secured, simply ask for help and view the system summary on the second line. .TP 7 \ \ \<\fBEnter\fR> or <\fBSpace\fR> :\fIRefresh-Display \fR These commands do nothing, they are simply ignored. However, they will awaken \*(We and following receipt of any input the entire display will be repainted. Use either of these keys if you have a large delay interval and wish to see current status, .TP 7 \ \ \'\fB?\fR\' | \'\fBh\fR\' :\fIHelp \fR There are two help levels available. The first will provide a reminder of all the basic \*(CIs. If \*(We is\fI secured\fR, that screen will be abbreviated. Typing 'h' or '?' on that help screen will take you to help for those \*(CIs applicable to \*(AM. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fB=\fR\' :\fIExit-Task-Limits \fR Removes restrictions on which tasks are shown. This command will reverse any 'i' (idle tasks) and 'n' (max tasks) commands that might be active. It also provides for an 'exit' from pid monitoring\fI and\fR user filtering. See the '-p' \*(CO for a discussion of PID monitoring and the 'U' or 'u' \*(CIs regarding user filtering. Additionally, any window that has been scrolled will be reset with this command. \*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical and horizontal scrolling. When operating in \*(AM this command has a broader meaning. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBA\fR\' :\fIAlternate-Display-Mode\fR toggle \fR This command will switch between \*(FM and \*(AM. \*(XT 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions and the 'g' \*(CI for insight into \*(CWs and \*(FGs. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBB\fR\' :\fIBold-Disable/Enable\fR toggle \fR This command will influence use of the 'bold' terminfo capability and alters\fB both\fR the \*(SA and \*(TA for the \*(CW. While it is intended primarily for use with dumb terminals, it can be applied anytime. \*(NT When this toggle is \*O and \*(We is operating in monochrome mode, the\fB entire display\fR will appear as normal text. Thus, unless the 'x' and/or 'y' toggles are using reverse for emphasis, there will be no visual confirmation that they are even on. .TP 7 *\ \'\fBd\fR\' | \'\fBs\fR\' :\fIChange-Delay-Time-interval \fR You will be prompted to enter the delay time, in seconds, between display updates. Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed. Entering 0 causes (nearly) continuous updates, with an unsatisfactory display as the system and tty driver try to keep up with \*(We's demands. The delay value is inversely proportional to system loading, so set it with care. If at any time you wish to know the current delay time, simply ask for help and view the system summary on the second line. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBg\fR\' :\fIChoose-Another-Window/Field-Group \fR You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the \*(FG which should be made the \*(CW. You will soon grow comfortable with these 4 windows, especially after experimenting with \*(AM. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBH\fR\' :\fIThreads-mode\fR toggle \fR When this toggle is \*O, individual threads will be displayed for all processes in all visible \*(TWs. Otherwise, \*(We displays a summation of all threads in each process. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBI\fR\' :\fIIrix/Solaris-Mode\fR toggle \fR When operating in 'Solaris mode' ('I' toggled \*F), a task's \*(Pu usage will be divided by the total number of \*(PUs. After issuing this command, you'll be told the new state of this toggle. .TP 7 *\ \'\fBk\fR\' :\fIKill-a-task \fR You will be prompted for a PID and then the signal to send. The default signal, as reflected in the prompt, is SIGTERM. However, you can send any signal, via number or name. If you wish to abort the kill process, do one of the following depending on your progress: 1) at the pid prompt, just press 2) at the signal prompt, type 0 .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBq\fR\' :\fIQuit \fR .TP 7 *\ \'\fBr\fR\' :\fIRenice-a-Task \fR You will be prompted for a PID and then the value to nice it to. Entering a positive value will cause a process to lose priority. Conversely, a negative value will cause a process to be viewed more favorably by the kernel. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBW\fR\' :\fIWrite-the-Configuration-File \fR This will save all of your options and toggles plus the current display mode and delay time. By issuing this command just before quitting \*(We, you will be able restart later in exactly that same state. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBZ\fR\' :\fIChange-Color-Mapping This key will take you to a separate screen where you can change the colors for the \*(CW, or for all windows. For details regarding this \*(CI \*(Xt 4d. COLOR Mapping. .IP "*" 3 The commands shown with an \*(AK are not available in 'Secure mode', nor will they be shown on the level-1 help screen. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The \*(SA \*(CIs are\fB always available\fR in both \*(FM and \*(AM. They affect the beginning lines of your display and will determine the position of messages and prompts. These commands always impact just the \*(CG. \*(XT 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions and the 'g' \*(CI for insight into \*(CWs and \*(FGs. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBl\fR\' :\fILoad-Average/Uptime\fR toggle \fR This is also the line containing the program name (possibly an alias) when operating in \*(FM or the \*(CW name when operating in \*(AM. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBt\fR\' :\fITask/Cpu-States\fR toggle \fR This command affects from 2 to many \*(SA lines, depending on the state of the '1' toggle and whether or not \*(We is running under true SMP. This portion of the \*(SA is also influenced by the 'H' \*(CI toggle, as reflected in the total label which shows either 'Tasks' or 'Threads'. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fB1\fR\' :\fISingle/Separate-Cpu-States\fR toggle \fR This command affects how the 't' command's Cpu States portion is shown. Although this toggle exists primarily to serve massively-parallel SMP machines, it is not restricted to solely SMP environments. When you see '%Cpu(s):' in the \*(SA, the '1' toggle is \*O and all \*(Pu information is gathered in a single line. Otherwise, each \*(Pu is displayed separately as: '%Cpu0, %Cpu1, ...' up to available screen height. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBm\fR\' :\fIMemory/Swap-Usage\fR toggle \fR This command affects the two \*(SA lines dealing with physical and virtual memory. .PP \*(NT If the entire \*(SA has been toggled \*F for any window, you would be left with just the\fB message line\fR. In that way, you will have maximized available task rows but (temporarily) sacrificed the program name in \*(FM or the \*(CW name when in \*(AM. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 4c. TASK AREA Commands .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The \*(TA \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available in \*(FM. The \*(TA \*(CIs are\fB never available\fR in \*(AM\fI if\fR the \*(CW's \*(TD has been toggled \*F (\*(Xt 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions). .PP .\" .................................................. .B APPEARANCE\fR of \*(TW .br .in +2 The following commands will also be influenced by the state of the global 'B' (bold enable) toggle. .in .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBb\fR\' :\fIBold/Reverse\fR toggle \fR This command will impact how the 'x' and 'y' toggles are displayed. Further, it will only be available when at least one of those toggles is \*O. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBx\fR\' :\fIColumn-Highlight\fR toggle \fR Changes highlighting for the current sort field. If you forget which field is being sorted this command can serve as a quick visual reminder, providing the sort field is being displayed. The sort field might\fI not\fR be visible because: 1) there is insufficient\fI Screen Width \fR 2) the 'f' \*(CI turned it \*F .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBy\fR\' :\fIRow-Highlight\fR toggle \fR Changes highlighting for "running" tasks. For additional insight into this task state, \*(Xt 3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields, the 'S' field (Process Status). Use of this provision provides important insight into your system's health. The only costs will be a few additional tty escape sequences. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBz\fR\' :\fIColor/Monochrome\fR toggle \fR Switches the \*(CW between your last used color scheme and the older form of black-on-white or white-on-black. This command will alter\fB both\fR the \*(SA and \*(TA but does not affect the state of the 'x', 'y' or 'b' toggles. .PP .\" .................................................. .B CONTENT\fR of \*(TW .PD 0 .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBc\fR\' :\fICommand-Line/Program-Name\fR toggle \fR This command will be honored whether or not the 'COMMAND' column is currently visible. Later, should that field come into view, the change you applied will be seen. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBf\fR\' | \'\fBF\fR\' :\fIFields-Management \fR These keys display a separate screen where you can change which fields are displayed, their order and also designate the sort field. For additional information on these \*(CIs \*(Xt 3b. MANAGING Fields. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBS\fR\' :\fICumulative-Time-Mode\fR toggle \fR When 'Cumulative mode' is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu time that it and its dead children have used. When \*F, programs that fork into many separate tasks will appear less demanding. For programs like 'init' or a shell this is appropriate but for others, like compilers, perhaps not. Experiment with two \*(TWs sharing the same sort field but with different 'S' states and see which representation you prefer. After issuing this command, you'll be informed of the new state of this toggle. If you wish to know in advance whether or not 'Cumulative mode' is in effect, simply ask for help and view the window summary on the second line. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBu\fR' | '\fBU\fR' :\fIShow-Specific-User-Only \fR You will be prompted for the\fB uid\fR or\fB name\fR of the user to display. The '-u' option matches on \fB effective\fR user whereas the '-U' option matches on\fB any\fR user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem). Thereafter, in that \*(TW only matching users will be shown, or possibly no processes will be shown. Different \*(TWs can can be used to filter different users. Later, if you wish to monitor all tasks again in the \*(CW, re-issue this command but just press at the prompt. .PP .\" .................................................. .B SIZE\fR of \*(TW .PD 0 .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBi\fR\' :\fIIdle-Process\fR toggle \fR Displays all tasks or just active tasks. When this toggle is \*F, tasks that have not used any \*(PU since the last update will not be displayed. However, due to the granularity of the %CPU and TIME+ fields, some processes may still be displayed that\fI appear\fR to have used\fI no\fR \*(PU. If this command is applied to the last \*(TD when in \*(AM, then it will not affect the window's size, as all prior \*(TDs will have already been painted. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBn\fR\' | \'\fB#\fR\' :\fISet-Maximum-Tasks \fR You will be prompted to enter the number of tasks to display. The lessor of your number and available screen rows will be used. When used in \*(AM, this is the command that gives you precise control over the size of each currently visible \*(TD, except for the very last. It will not affect the last window's size, as all prior \*(TDs will have already been painted. \*(NT If you wish to increase the size of the last visible \*(TD when in \*(AM, simply decrease the size of the \*(TD(s) above it. .PP .\" .................................................. .B SORTING\fR of \*(TW .br .in +2 For compatibility, this \*(We supports most of the former \*(We sort keys. Since this is primarily a service to former \*(We users, these commands do not appear on any help screen. .Bd -literal -compact \fI command sorted-field supported \fR A start time (non-display) \fB No \fR M %MEM Yes N PID Yes P %CPU Yes T TIME+ Yes .Ed Before using any of the following sort provisions, \*(We suggests that you temporarily turn on column highlighting using the 'x' \*(CI. That will help ensure that the actual sort environment matches your intent. The following \*(CIs will\fB only\fR be honored when the current sort field is\fB visible\fR. The sort field might\fI not\fR be visible because: 1) there is insufficient\fI Screen Width \fR 2) the 'f' \*(CI turned it \*F .in .TP 7 \ \ \'\fB<\fR\' :\fIMove-Sort-Field-Left \fR Moves the sort column to the left unless the current sort field is the first field being displayed. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fB>\fR\' :\fIMove-Sort-Field-Right \fR Moves the sort column to the right unless the current sort field is the last field being displayed. .PP .in +2 The following \*(CIs will\fB always\fR be honored whether or not the current sort field is visible. .in .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBf\fR\' | \'\fBF\fR\' :\fIFields-Management \fR These keys display a separate screen where you can change which field is used as the sort column, among other functions. This can be a convenient way to simply verify the current sort field, when running \*(We with column highlighting turned \*F. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBR\fR\' :\fIReverse/Normal-Sort-Field\fR toggle \fR Using this \*(CI you can alternate between high-to-low and low-to-high sorts. .PP .in +2 \*(NT Field sorting uses internal values, not those in column display. Thus, the TTY and WCHAN fields will violate strict ASCII collating sequence. .in .\" ...................................................................... .SS 4d. COLOR Mapping .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- When you issue the 'Z' \*(CI, you will be presented with a separate screen. That screen can be used to change the colors in just the \*(CW or in all four windows before returning to the \*(We display. .P The following \*(CIs are available. .Bd -literal -compact \fB4\fR upper case letters to select a\fB target \fR \fB8\fR numbers to select a\fB color \fR normal toggles available \fR 'B' :bold disable/enable 'b' :running tasks "bold"/reverse 'z' :color/mono other commands available \fR 'a'/'w' :apply, then go to next/prior :apply and exit 'q' :abandon current changes and exit .Ed If your use 'a' or 'w' to cycle the targeted window, you will have applied the color scheme that was displayed when you left that window. You can, of course, easily return to any window and reapply different colors or turn colors \*F completely with the 'z' toggle. The Color Mapping screen can also be used to change the \*(CG in either \*(FM or \*(AM. Whatever was targeted when 'q' or was pressed will be made current as you return to the \*(We display. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ...................................................................... .SS 5a. WINDOWS Overview .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .TP .B Field Groups/Windows\fR: .br In \*(FM there is a single window represented by the entire screen. That single window can still be changed to display 1 of 4 different\fB field groups\fR (\*(Xc 'g' \*(CI, repeated below). Each of the 4 \*(FGs has a unique separately configurable\fB \*(SA \fR and its own configurable\fB \*(TA\fR. In \*(AM, those 4 underlying \*(FGs can now be made visible simultaneously, or can be turned \*F individually at your command. The \*(SA will always exist, even if it's only the message line. At any given time only\fI one\fR \*(SA can be displayed. However, depending on your commands, there could be from\fI zero \fR to\fI four\fR separate \*(TDs currently showing on the screen. .TP .B Current Window\fR: .br The \*(CW is the window associated with the \*(SA and the window to which task related commands are always directed. Since in \*(AM you can toggle the \*(TD \*F, some commands might be restricted for the \*(CW. A further complication arises when you have toggled the first \*(SA line \*F. With the loss of the window name (the 'l' toggled line), you'll not easily know what window is the \*(CW. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 5b. COMMANDS for Windows .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .TP 7 \ \ \'\fB-\fR\' | \'\fB_\fR\' :\fIShow/Hide-Window(s)\fR toggles \fR The '-' key turns the \*(CW's \*(TD \*O and \*F. When \*O, that \*(TA will show a minimum of the columns header you've established with the 'f' \*(CI. It will also reflect any other \*(TA options/toggles you've applied yielding zero or more tasks. The '_' key does the same for all \*(TDs. In other words, it switches between the currently visible \*(TD(s) and any \*(TD(s) you had toggled \*F. If all 4 \*(TDs are currently visible, this \*(CI will leave the \*(SA as the only display element. .TP 7 *\ \'\fB=\fR\' | \'\fB+\fR\' :\fIEqualize-(re-balance)-Window(s) \fR The '=' key forces the \*(CW's \*(TD to be visible. It also reverses any 'i' (idle tasks), 'n' (max tasks) and 'u'/'U' (user filter) commands that might be active. Also, if the window had been scrolled, it will be reset with this command. \*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical and horizontal scrolling. The '+' key does the same for all windows. The four \*(TDs will reappear, evenly balanced. They will also have retained any customizations you had previously applied, except for the 'i' (idle tasks), 'n' (max tasks), 'u'/'U' (user filter) and scrolling \*(CIs. .TP 7 *\ \'\fBA\fR\' :\fIAlternate-Display-Mode\fR toggle \fR This command will switch between \*(FM and \*(AM. The first time you issue this command, all four \*(TDs will be shown. Thereafter when you switch modes, you will see only the \*(TD(s) you've chosen to make visible. .TP 7 *\ \'\fBa\fR\' | \'\fBw\fR\' :\fINext-Window-Forward/Backward \fR This will change the \*(CW, which in turn changes the window to which commands are directed. These keys act in a circular fashion so you can reach any desired \*(CW using either key. Assuming the window name is visible (you have not toggled 'l' \*F), whenever the \*(CW name loses its emphasis/color, that's a reminder the \*(TD is \*F and many commands will be restricted. .TP 7 *\ \'\fBg\fR\' :\fIChoose-Another-Window/Field-Group \fR You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the \*(FG which should be made the \*(CW. In \*(FM, this command is necessary to alter the \*(CW. In \*(AM, it is simply a less convenient alternative to the 'a' and 'w' commands. .TP 7 \ \ \'\fBG\fR\' :\fIChange-Window/Field-Group-Name \fR You will be prompted for a new name to be applied to the \*(CW. It does not require that the window name be visible (the 'l' toggle to be \*O). .IP "*" 3 The \*(CIs shown with an \*(AK have use beyond \*(AM. .Bd -literal -compact \'=', 'A', 'g' are always available \'a', 'w' act the same with color mapping \ and fields management .Ed .\" ...................................................................... .SS 5c. SCROLLING a Window .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Typically a \*(TW is a partial view into a systems's total tasks/threads which shows only some of the available fields/columns. With these \*(KSs, you can move that view vertically or horizontally to reveal any desired task or column. .TP 4 \fBUp\fR,\fBPgUp\fR :\fIScroll-Tasks \fR Move the view up toward the first task row, until the first task is displayed at the top of the \*(CW. The \fIUp\fR \*(KA moves a single line while \fIPgUp\fR scrolls the entire window. .TP 4 \fBDown\fR,\fBPgDn\fR :\fIScroll-Tasks \fR Move the view down toward the last task row, until the last task is the only task displayed at the top of the \*(CW. The \fIDown\fR \*(KA moves a single line while \fIPgDn\fR scrolls the entire window. .TP 4 \fBLeft\fR,\fBRight\fR :\fIScroll-Columns \fR Move the view of displayable fields horizontally one column at a time. \*(NT As a reminder, the 'COMMAND' field is not fixed-width but allocated all remaining screen width when visible. When scrolling right or left, that feature may produce some unexpected results initially. .TP 4 \fBHome\fR :\fIJump-to-Home-Position \fR Reposition the display to the un-scrolled coordinates. .TP 4 \fBEnd\fR :\fIJump-to-End-Position \fR Reposition the display so that the rightmost column reflects the last displayable field and the bottom task row represents the last task. \*(NT From this position it is still possible to scroll\fI down\fR and\fI right\fR using the \*(KAs. This is true until a single column and a single task is left as the only display element. .TP 4 '\fBC\fR' :\fIShow-scroll-coordinates\fR toggle \fR Toggle an informational message which is displayed whenever the message line is not otherwise being used. .Bd -literal "\fBscroll coordinates: y = n/n (tasks), x = n/n (fields)\fR" .Ed The coordinates shown as \fBn\fR/\fBn\fR are relative to the upper left corner of the \*(CW. .RS +4 .TP 4 \fBy = n/n (tasks) \fR The first \fBn\fR represents the topmost visible task and is controlled by \*(KSs. The second \fBn\fR is updated automatically to reflect total tasks. .TP 4 \fBx = n/n (fields) \fR The first \fBn\fR represents the leftmost displayed column and is controlled by \*(KSs. The second \fBn\fR is the total number of displayable fields and is established with the '\fBf\fR' \*(CI. .RS -4 .PP The above \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available in \*(FM but\fB never\fR available in \*(AM if the \*(CW's \*(TD has been toggled \*F. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 6. FILES .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ...................................................................... .SS 6a. SYSTEM Configuration File .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The presence of this file will influence which version of the 'help' screen is shown to an ordinary user. More importantly, it will limit what ordinary users are allowed to do when \*(We is running. They will not be able to issue the following commands. .Bd -literal -compact k Kill a task r Renice a task d or s Change delay/sleep interval .Ed The system \*(CF is\fB not\fR created by \*(We. Rather, you create this file manually and place it in the \fI/etc \fR directory. Its name must be 'toprc' and must have no leading '.' (period). It must have only two lines. Here is an example of the contents of\fI /etc/toprc\fR: .Bd -literal -compact s # line 1: 'secure' mode switch 5.0 # line 2: 'delay'\ \ interval in seconds .Ed .\" ...................................................................... .SS 6b. PERSONAL Configuration File .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This file is written as '$HOME/.your-name-4-top' + 'rc'. Use the 'W' \*(CI to create it or update it. Here is the general layout: .Bd -literal -compact global # line 1: the program name/alias notation " # line 2: id,altscr,irixps,delay,curwin per ea # line a: winname,fieldscur window # line b: winflags,sortindx,maxtasks " # line c: summclr,msgsclr,headclr,taskclr .Ed If the $HOME variable is not present, \*(We will try to write the personal \*(CF to the current directory, subject to permissions. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Many of these 'tricks' work best when you give \*(We a scheduling boost. So plan on starting him with a nice value of -10, assuming you've got the authority. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 7a. Kernel Magic .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" sorry, just can't help it -- don't ya love the sound of this? For these stupid tricks, \*(We needs \*(FM. .\" ( apparently AM static was a potential concern ) .jBu The user interface, through prompts and help, intentionally implies that the delay interval is limited to tenths of a second. However, you're free to set any desired delay. If you want to see Linux at his scheduling best, try a delay of .09 seconds or less. For this experiment, under x-windows open an xterm and maximize it. Then do the following: .Bd -literal -compact . provide a scheduling boost and tiny delay via: nice -n -10 top -d.09 . keep sorted column highlighting \*F so as to minimize path length . turn \*O reverse row highlighting for emphasis . try various sort columns (TIME/MEM work well), and normal or reverse sorts to bring the most active processes into view .Ed What you'll see is a very busy Linux doing what he's always done for you, but there was no program available to illustrate this. .jBu Under an xterm using 'white-on-black' colors, on \*(We's Color Mapping screen set the task color to black and be sure that task highlighting is set to bold, not reverse. Then set the delay interval to around .3 seconds. After bringing the most active processes into view, what you'll see are the ghostly images of just the currently running tasks. .jBu Delete the existing rcfile, or create a new symlink. Start this new version then type 'T' (a secret key, \*(Xt 4c. Task Area Commands, SORTING) followed by 'W' and 'q'. Finally, restart the program with -d0 (zero delay). Your display will be refreshed at three times the rate of the former \*(We, a 300% speed advantage. As \*(We climbs the TIME ladder, be as patient as you can while speculating on whether or not \*(We will ever reach the \*(We. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 7b. Bouncing Windows .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- For these stupid tricks, \*(We needs \*(AM. .jBu With 3 or 4 \*(TDs visible, pick any window other than the last and turn idle processes \*F using the 'i' \*(CT. Depending on where you applied 'i', sometimes several \*(TDs are bouncing and sometimes it's like an accordion, as \*(We tries his best to allocate space. .jBu Set each window's summary lines differently: one with no memory ('m'); another with no states ('t'); maybe one with nothing at all, just the message line. Then hold down 'a' or 'w' and watch a variation on bouncing windows \*(Em hopping windows. .jBu Display all 4 windows and for each, in turn, set idle processes to \*F using the 'i' \*(CT. You've just entered the "extreme bounce" zone. .\" ...................................................................... .SS 7c. The Big Bird Window .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This stupid trick also requires \*(AM. .jBu Display all 4 windows and make sure that 1:Def is the \*(CW. Then, keep increasing window size with the 'n' \*(CI until all the other \*(TDs are "pushed out of the nest". When they've all been displaced, toggle between all visible/invisible windows using the '_' \*(CT. Then ponder this: .br is \*(We fibbing or telling honestly your imposed truth? .PP .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 8. BUGS .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To report bugs, follow the instructions at: http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 9. HISTORY Former top .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The original top was written by Roger Binns, based on Branko Lankester's ps program. Robert Nation adapted it for the proc file system. Helmut Geyer added support for configurable fields. Plus many other individuals contributed over the years. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 10. AUTHOR .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This entirely new and enhanced replacement was written by: Jim Warner, .ig ( as a means to learn Linux, can you believe it? ) ( & he accidentally learned a little groff, too! ) ( then after ten years he did it all over again! ) .. With invaluable help from: Craig Small, .\" Craig Small. .\" Craig Small, .\" Craig Small, Albert Cahalan, .ig .rj 2 .B -*-\fR few though they are, some yet believe\fB -*- \fR .B -*-\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\fRin-the-\fBart\fR-of-programming\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\fB-*- \fR .. \" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH 11. SEE Also .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .BR free (1), .BR ps (1), .BR uptime (1), .BR atop (1), .BR slabtop (1), .BR vmstat (8), .BR w (1). .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .ig .rj 1 \-*- .PD .in -3 Copyright (c) 2002,2011 \*(Em James C. Warner Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Front-Cover Texts, no Back-Cover Texts, and with the following Invariant Sections and any sub-sections therein: .na .hy 0 .in +3 STUPID\ TRICKS\ Sampler; .br AUTHOR .in A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \(dqGNU Free Documentation License\(dq. .. . .\" end: active doc |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| .\" |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| .ig .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. .SS 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. .SS 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. .SS 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. .SS 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. .SS 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: .HP 3 .B A\fR.\ Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. .HP 3 .B B\fR.\ List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). .HP 3 .B C\fR.\ State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. .HP 3 .B D\fR.\ Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. .HP 3 .B E\fR.\ Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. .HP 3 .B F\fR.\ Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. .HP 3 .B G\fR.\ Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. .HP 3 .B H\fR.\ Include an unaltered copy of this License. .HP 3 .B I\fR.\ Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. .HP 3 .B J\fR.\ Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. .HP 3 .B K\fR.\ In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. .HP 3 .B L\fR.\ Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. .HP 3 .B M\fR.\ Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. .HP 3 .B N\fR.\ Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. .PP If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. .SS 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements." .SS 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. .SS 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. .SS 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail. .SS 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. .SS 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. .SS ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: .IP "" 3 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;\ \ with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .SH \fRend of\fB GNU Free Documentation License .IP "" .PP .. .\" end: gfdl license |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| .\" ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||