'\" t .\" (The preceding line is a note to broken versions of man to tell .\" Man page for ps. .\" Quick hack conversion by Albert Cahalan, 1998. .\" Licensed under version 2 of the Gnu General Public License. .\" .TH PS 1 "February 25, 2010" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" .\" .\" To render this page: .\" groff -t -b -man -X -P-resolution -P100 -Tps ps.1 & .\" groff -t -b -man -X -TX100 ps.1 & .\" tbl ps.1 | troff -Ww -man -z .\" groff -t -man -Tps ps.1 | ps2pdf - - > ps.pdf .\" .\" The '70s called. They want their perfect justification, .\" hyphenation, and double-spaced sentences back. .na .nh .if n .ss 12 0 .\" .\" .\" ColSize is used for the format spec table. .\" It's the left margin, minus the right, minus .\" the space needed for the 1st two columns. .\" Making it messy: inches, ens, points, scaled points... .\" .nr ColSize ((\n[.l] - \n[.i]) / 1n - 29) .\" .\" This is for command options .nr OptSize (16u) .\" .\" l=\n(.l .\" i=\n(.i .\" o=\n(.o .\" H=\n(.H .\" s=\n(.s .\" ColSize=\n[ColSize] .\" .\" Macro for easy option formatting: .opt \-x .de opt . TP \\n[OptSize] . BI \\$* .. .\" .SH NAME ps \- report a snapshot of the current processes. .SH SYNOPSIS \fBps\fR [\fIoptions\fR] .PP .PP .SH DESCRIPTION .B ps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If you want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information, use\ \fItop\fR(1) instead. .P This version of \fBps\fR accepts several kinds of options: .PD 0 .IP 1 4 UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash. .IP 2 4 BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash. .IP 3 4 GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes. .PD .PP Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear. There are some synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to the many standards and \fBps\fR implementations that this \fBps\fR is compatible with. .P Note that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" is distinct from "\fBps\ aux\fR". The POSIX and UNIX standards require that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" print all processes owned by a user named "x", as well as printing all processes that would be selected by the \fB\-a\fR option. If the user named "x" does not exist, this \fBps\fR may interpret the command as "\fBps\ aux\fR" instead and print a warning. This behavior is intended to aid in transitioning old scripts and habits. It is fragile, subject to change, and thus should not be relied upon. .P By default, \fBps\fR selects all processes with the same effective user ID (euid=EUID) as the current user and associated with the same terminal as the invoker. It displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in [DD\-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD). Output is unsorted by default. .P The use of BSD\-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the default display and show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the executable name. You can override this with the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR environment variable. The use of BSD\-style options will also change the process selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are owned by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to be the set of all processes filtered to exclude processes owned by other users or not on a terminal. These effects are not considered when options are described as being "identical" below, so \fB\-M\fR will be considered identical to \fBZ\fR and so on. .P Except as described below, process selection options are additive. The default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes are added to the set of processes to be displayed. A\ process will thus be shown if it meets any of the given selection criteria. .PP .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .SH "EXAMPLES" .TP 3 To see every process on the system using standard syntax: .B ps\ \-e .br .B ps\ \-ef .br .B ps\ \-eF .br .B ps\ \-ely .TP To see every process on the system using BSD syntax: .B ps\ ax .br .B ps\ axu .TP To print a process tree: .B ps\ -ejH .br .B ps\ axjf .TP To get info about threads: .B ps\ -eLf .br .B ps\ axms .TP To get security info: .B ps\ -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label .br .B ps\ axZ .br .B ps\ -eM .TP To see every process running as root (real\ &\ effective\ ID) in user format: .B ps\ \-U\ root\ \-u\ root\ u .TP To see every process with a user\-defined format: .B ps\ \-eo\ pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm .br .B ps\ axo\ stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm .br .B ps\ \-eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan .TP Print only the process IDs of syslogd: .B ps\ \-C\ syslogd\ \-o\ pid= .TP Print only the name of PID 42: .B ps\ \-p\ 42\ \-o\ comm= .PP .PP .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .SH "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION" .opt a Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like. The set of processes selected in this manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to list all processes with a terminal (tty), or to list all processes when used together with the \fBx\fR option. .opt \-A Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-e\fR. .opt \-a Select all processes except both session leaders (see \fIgetsid\fR(2)) and processes not associated with a terminal. .opt \-d Select all processes except session leaders. .opt \-\-deselect Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates the selection). Identical to \fB\-N\fR. .opt \-e Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-A\fR. .\" Current "g" behavior: add in the session leaders, which would .\" be excluded in the sunos4 personality. Supposed "g" behavior: .\" add in the group leaders -- at least according to the SunOS 4 .\" man page on the FreeBSD site. Uh oh. I think I had tested SunOS .\" though, so maybe the code is correct. .opt g Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the \fBa\fR flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality. .opt \-N Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates the selection). Identical to \fB\-\-deselect\fR. .opt T Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the \fBt\fR option without any argument. .opt r Restrict the selection to only running processes. .opt x Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like. The set of processes selected in this manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as \fBps\fR), or to list all processes when used together with the \fBa\fR option. .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST" These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or comma\-separated list. They can be used multiple times. For\ example:\ \fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR .P .opt \-\fI123\fR Identical to \fB\-\-sid\ \fI123\fR. .opt \fI123\fR Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR. .opt \-C \ cmdlist Select by command name. .br This selects the processes whose executable name is given in \fIcmdlist\fR. .opt \-G \ grplist Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. .br This selects the processes whose real group name or ID is in the \fIgrplist\fR list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user who created the process, see \fIgetgid\fR(2). .opt \-g \ grplist Select by session OR by effective group name. .br Selection by session is specified by many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that several other operating systems use. This \fBps\fR will select by session when the list is completely numeric (as\ sessions\ are). Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also specified. See the \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-\-group\fR options. .opt \-\-Group \ grplist Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to \fB\-G\fR. .opt \-\-group \ grplist Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name. .br This selects the processes whose effective group name or ID is in \fIgrouplist\fR. The effective group ID describes the group whose file access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgetegid\fR(2)). The \fB\-g\fR option is often an alternative to\ \fB\-\-group\fR. .opt p \ pidlist Select by process ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR. .opt \-p \ pidlist Select by PID. .br This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in \fIpidlist\fR. Identical to \fBp\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR. .opt \-\-pid \ pidlist Select by process\ ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR\ and\ \fBp\fR. .opt \-\-ppid \ pidlist Select by parent process\ ID. This selects the processes with a parent\ process\ ID in \fIpidlist\fR. That\ is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in \fIpidlist\fR. .opt \-s \ sesslist Select by session ID. .br This selects the processes with a session ID specified in\ \fIsesslist\fR. .opt \-\-sid \ sesslist Select by session\ ID. Identical to\ \fB\-s\fR. .opt t \ ttylist Select by tty. Nearly identical to \fB\-t\fR and \fB\-\-tty\fR, but can also be used with an empty \fIttylist\fR to indicate the terminal associated with \fBps\fR. Using the \fBT\fR option is considered cleaner than using \fBt\fR with an\ empty\ \fIttylist\fR. .opt \-t \ ttylist Select by tty. .br This selects the processes associated with the terminals given in \fIttylist\fR. Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. A\ plain "\-" may be used to select processes not attached to any terminal. .opt \-\-tty \ ttylist Select by terminal. Identical to \fB\-t\fR and\ \fBt\fR. .opt U \ userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. .br This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in \fIuserlist\fR. The effective user\ ID describes the user whose file access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)). Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fB\-\-user\fR. .opt \-U \ userlist Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. .br It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the \fIuserlist\fR list. The real user ID identifies the user who created the process, see\ \fIgetuid\fR(2). .opt \-u \ userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. .br This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in \fIuserlist\fR. The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)). Identical to \fBU\fR and \fB\-\-user\fR. .opt \-\-User \ userlist Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to \fB\-U\fR. .opt \-\-user \ userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fBU\fR. .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL" These options are used to choose the information displayed by \fBps\fR. The output may differ by personality. .PP .opt \-c Show different scheduler information for the \fB\-l\fR option. .opt \-\-context Display security context format (for\ SE\ Linux). .opt \-f Do full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many other UNIX\-style options to add additional columns. It also causes the command arguments to be printed. When used with \fB\-L\fR, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See the \fBc\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the format keyword \fBcomm\fR. .opt \-F Extra full format. See the \fB\-f\fR option, which \fB\-F\fR implies. .opt \-\-format \ format user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and \fBo\fR. .opt j BSD job control format. .opt \-j Jobs format .opt l Display BSD long format. .opt \-l Long format. The \fB\-y\fR option is often useful with this. .opt \-M Add a column of security data. Identical to \fBZ\fR (for\ SE\ Linux). .opt O \ format is preloaded \fBo\fR (overloaded). .br The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with \fB\-O\fR or \fB\-\-sort\fR). When used as a formatting option, it is identical to \fB\-O\fR, with the BSD\ personality. .opt \-O \ format Like \fB\-o\fR, but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,state,tname,time,command\fR or \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,tname,time,cmd\fR, see\ \fB\-o\fR\ below. .opt o \ format Specify user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and \fB\-\-format\fR. .opt \-o \ format User\-defined format. .br \fIformat\fR is a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or comma\-separated list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns. The recognized keywords are described in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section below. Headers may be renamed (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,ruser=RealUser\ \-o\ comm=Command\fR) as desired. If all column headers are empty (\fBps\ \-o\ pid=\ \-o\ comm=\fR) then the header line will not be output. Column width will increase as needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,wchan=WIDE\-WCHAN\-COLUMN\ \-o\ comm\fR). Explicit width control (\fBps\ opid,wchan:42,cmd\fR) is offered too. The behavior of \fBps\ \-o\ pid=X,comm=Y\fR varies with personality; output may be one column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns named "X" and "Y". Use multiple \fB\-o\fR options when in doubt. Use the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR environment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns. .opt s Display signal format .opt u Display user\-oriented format .opt v Display virtual memory format .opt X Register format. .opt \-y Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This option can only be used with \fB\-l\fR. .opt Z Add a column of security data. Identical to \fB\-M\fR (for\ SE\ Linux). .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "OUTPUT MODIFIERS" .\" .TP .\" .B C .\" use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average .opt c Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the executable file, rather than from the argv value. Command arguments and any modifications to them are thus not shown. This option effectively turns the \fBargs\fR format keyword into the \fBcomm\fR format keyword; it is useful with the \fB\-f\fR format option and with the various BSD\-style format options, which all normally display the command arguments. See the \fB\-f\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the format keyword \fBcomm\fR. .opt \-\-cols \ n Set screen width .opt \-\-columns \ n Set screen width .opt \-\-cumulative Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent) .opt e Show the environment after the command. .opt f ASCII art process hierarchy (forest). .opt \-\-forest ASCII art process tree. .opt h No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality) .br The \fBh\fR option is problematic. Standard BSD \fBps\fR uses this option to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux \fBps\fR uses this option to totally disable the header. This version of \fBps\fR follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output. Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options \fB\-\-headers\fR and \fB\-\-no\-headers\fR to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely, respectively. .opt \-H Show process hierarchy (forest). .opt \-\-headers Repeat header lines, one per page of output. .opt k \ spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]. Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section. The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to \fB\-\-sort\fR. Examples: .br \fBps\ jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid\fR .br \fBps\ axk\ comm\ o\ comm,args\fR .br \fBps\ kstart_time\ \-ef\fR .opt \-\-lines \ n Set screen height. .opt \-n \ namelist Set namelist file. Identical to \fBN\fR. .br The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match the current Linux kernel exactly for correct output. Without this option, the default search path for the namelist is: $PS_SYSMAP .br $PS_SYSTEM_MAP .br /proc/*/wchan .br /boot/System.map\-\`uname\ \-r\` .br /boot/System.map .br /lib/modules/\`uname\ \-r\`/System.map .br /usr/src/linux/System.map .br /System.map .opt n Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID). .opt N \ namelist Specify namelist file. Identical to \fB\-n\fR, see \fB\-n\fR above. .opt \-\-no\-headers Print no header line at all. \fB\-\-no\-heading\fR is an alias for this option. .opt O \ order Sorting order (overloaded). .br The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with \fB\-O\fR or \fB\-\-sort\fR). For sorting, obsolete BSD \fBO\fR option syntax is \fBO\fR[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk1\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk2\fR[,...]]. It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of one\-letter short keys \fIk1\fR, \fIk2\fR, ... described in the \fBOBSOLETE SORT KEYS\fR section below. The\ "+" is currently optional, merely re\-iterating the default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an \fBO\fR sort from an \fBO\fR format. The\ "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes. .opt \-\-rows \ n Set screen height. .opt S Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a parent process repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work. .opt \-\-sort \ spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]. Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section. The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to\ \fBk\fR. For example: \fBps\ jax\ \-\-sort=uid,\-ppid,+pid\fR .opt w Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. .opt \-w Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. .opt \-\-width \ n set screen width .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "THREAD DISPLAY" .PD 0 .opt H Show threads as if they were processes. .opt \-L Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns. .opt m Show threads after processes. .opt \-m Show threads after processes. .opt \-T Show threads, possibly with SPID column. .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH "OTHER INFORMATION" .PD 0 .opt \-\-help Print a help message. .opt \-\-info Print debugging info. .opt L List all format specifiers. .opt V Print the procps version. .opt \-V Print the procps version. .opt \-\-version Print the procps version. .\" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .PD .PP .SH NOTES This \fBps\fR works by reading the virtual files in\ /proc. This \fBps\fR does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give this \fBps\fR any special permissions. This \fBps\fR needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display. For kernels prior to 2.6, the System.map file must be installed. CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent running during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal, and\ it does not conform to the standards that \fBps\fR otherwise conforms\ to. CPU\ usage is unlikely to add up to exactly\ 100%. The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct. This is usually at least 20\ KiB of memory that is always resident. SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack). Processes marked are dead processes (so\-called\ "zombies") that remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes will be destroyed by \fIinit\fR(8) if the parent process exits. If the length of the username is greater than the length of the display column, the numeric user ID is displayed instead. .SH "PROCESS FLAGS" The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column, which is provided by the \fBflags\fR output specifier: .PD 0 .TP 5 1 forked but didn't exec .TP 4 used super\-user privileges .PD .PP .SH "PROCESS STATE CODES" Here are the different values that the \fBs\fR, \fBstat\fR and \fBstate\fR output specifiers (header\ "STAT"\ or\ "S") will display to describe the state of a process: .PD 0 .TP 5 D uninterruptible sleep (usually\ IO) .TP R running or runnable (on\ run\ queue) .TP S interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete) .TP T stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being traced. .TP W paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel) .TP X dead (should never be seen) .TP Z defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent. .PD .PP For BSD formats and when the \fBstat\fR keyword is used, additional characters may be displayed: .PD 0 .TP 5 < high\-priority (not nice to other users) .TP N low\-priority (nice to other users) .TP L has pages locked into memory (for real\-time and custom\ IO) .TP s is a session leader .TP l is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads\ do) .TP + is in the foreground process group. .PD .PP .PP .SH "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS" These keys are used by the BSD \fBO\fR option (when it is used for sorting). The GNU \fB\-\-sort\fR option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers described below in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section. Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values \fBps\fR uses and not the "cooked" values used in some of the output format fields (e.g. sorting on tty will sort into device number, not according to the terminal name displayed). Pipe \fBps\fR output into the \fIsort\fR(1) command if you want to sort the cooked values. .TS l l lw(3i). \fBKEY LONG DESCRIPTION\fR c cmd simple name of executable C pcpu cpu utilization f flags flags as in long format F field g pgrp process group ID G tpgid controlling tty process group ID j cutime cumulative user time J cstime cumulative system time k utime user time m min_flt number of minor page faults M maj_flt number of major page faults n cmin_flt cumulative minor page faults N cmaj_flt cumulative major page faults o session session ID p pid process ID P ppid parent process ID r rss resident set size R resident resident pages s size memory size in kilobytes S share amount of shared pages t tty the device number of the controlling tty T start_time time process was started U uid user ID number u user user name v vsize total VM size in kB y priority kernel scheduling priority .\"K stime system time (conflict, system vs. start time) .TE .PP .PP .SH "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS" This \fBps\fR supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the formatting codes of \fIprintf\fR(1) and \fIprintf\fR(3). For example, the normal default output can be produced with this: \fBps\ \-eo\ "%p\ %y\ %x\ %c"\fR. The\ \fBNORMAL\fR codes are described in the next section. .TS l l l. \fBCODE NORMAL HEADER\fR %C pcpu %CPU %G group GROUP %P ppid PPID %U user USER %a args COMMAND %c comm COMMAND %g rgroup RGROUP %n nice NI %p pid PID %r pgid PGID %t etime ELAPSED %u ruser RUSER %x time TIME %y tty TTY %z vsz VSZ .TE .SH "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS" Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output format (e.g. with option \fB\-o\fR) or to sort the selected processes with the GNU\-style \fB\-\-sort\fR option. For example: \fBps\ \-eo\ pid,user,args\ \-\-sort\ user\fR This version of \fBps\fR tries to recognize most of the keywords used in other implementations of \fBps\fR. The following user\-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: \fBargs\fR, \fBcmd\fR, \fBcomm\fR, \fBcommand\fR, \fBfname\fR, \fBucmd\fR, \fBucomm\fR, \fBlstart\fR, \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR. Some keywords may not be available for sorting. .\" ####################################################################### .\" lB1 lB1 lB1 lB1 s s s .\" lB1 l1 l1 l1 s s s. .\" .\" lB1 lB1 lBw(5.5i) .\" lB1 l1 l. .\" .TS expand; lB1 lB1 lBw(\n[ColSize]n) lB1 l1 l. CODE HEADER DESCRIPTION %cpu %CPU T{ cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format. Currently, it is the CPU time used divided by the time the process has been running (cputime/realtime ratio), expressed as a percentage. It will not add up to 100% unless you are lucky. (alias\ \fBpcpu\fR). T} %mem %MEM T{ ratio of the process's resident set size to the physical memory on the machine, expressed as a percentage. (alias\ \fBpmem\fR). T} args COMMAND T{ command with all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the arguments may be shown. The output in this column may contain spaces. A\ process marked is partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent. Sometimes the process args will be unavailable; when this happens, \fBps\fR will instead print the executable name in brackets. (alias\ \fBcmd\fR,\ \fBcommand\fR). See also the \fBcomm\fR format keyword, the \fB\-f\fR option, and the \fBc\fR option. .br When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. If \fBps\fR can not determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a file or another command, the output width is undefined (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the \fBTERM\fR variable, and so on). The \fBCOLUMNS\fR environment variable or \fB\-\-cols\fR option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case. The \fBw\fR or \fB\-w\fR option may be also be used to adjust width. T} blocked BLOCKED T{ mask of the blocked signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias\ \fBsig_block\fR,\ \fBsigmask\fR). T} bsdstart START T{ time the command started. If the process was started less than 24 hours ago, the output format is "\ HH:MM", else it is "Mmm\ dd" (where Mmm is the three letters of the month). See also \fBlstart\fR, \fBstart\fR, \fBstart_time\fR, and \fBstime\fR. T} bsdtime TIME T{ accumulated cpu time, user\ +\ system. The display format is usually "MMM:SS", but can be shifted to the right if the process used more than 999 minutes of cpu time. T} c C T{ processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of the percent usage over the lifetime of the process. (see\ \fB%cpu\fR). T} caught CAUGHT T{ mask of the caught signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias\ \fBsig_catch\fR,\ \fBsigcatch\fR). T} cgroup CGROUP T{ display control groups to which the process belongs. T} class CLS T{ scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBpolicy\fR,\ \fBcls\fR). Field's possible values are: .br \- not reported .br TS SCHED_OTHER .br FF SCHED_FIFO .br RR SCHED_RR .br B SCHED_BATCH .br ISO SCHED_ISO .br IDL SCHED_IDLE .br ? unknown value T} cls CLS T{ scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBpolicy\fR,\ \fBclass\fR). Field's possible values are: .br \- not reported .br TS SCHED_OTHER .br FF SCHED_FIFO .br RR SCHED_RR .br B SCHED_BATCH .br ISO SCHED_ISO .br IDL SCHED_IDLE .br ? unknown value T} cmd CMD T{ see \fBargs\fR. (alias\ \fBargs\fR,\ \fBcommand\fR). T} comm COMMAND T{ command name (only\ the executable\ name). Modifications to the command name will not be shown. A\ process marked is partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent. The output in this column may contain spaces. (alias\ \fBucmd\fR,\ \fBucomm\fR). See also the \fBargs\fR format keyword, the \fB\-f\fR option, and the \fBc\fR option. .br When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. If \fBps\fR can not determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a file or another command, the output width is undefined (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the \fBTERM\fR variable, and so on). The \fBCOLUMNS\fR environment variable or \fB\-\-cols\fR option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case. The \fBw\fR or \fB\-w\fR option may be also be used to adjust width. T} command COMMAND T{ see \fBargs\fR. (alias\ \fBargs\fR,\ \fBcmd\fR). T} cp CP T{ per\-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see\ \fB%cpu\fR). T} cputime TIME T{ cumulative CPU time, "[DD\-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias\ \fBtime\fR). T} egid EGID T{ effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer. (alias\ \fBgid\fR). T} egroup EGROUP T{ effective group ID of the process. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. (alias\ \fBgroup\fR). T} eip EIP T{ instruction pointer. T} esp ESP T{ stack pointer. T} etime ELAPSED T{ elapsed time since the process was started, in\ the form\ [[DD\-]hh:]mm:ss. T} euid EUID T{ effective user\ ID (alias\ \fBuid\fR). T} euser EUSER T{ effective user\ name. This will be the textual user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. The\ \fBn\fR\ option can be used to force the decimal representation. (alias\ \fBuname\fR,\ \fBuser\fR). T} f F T{ flags associated with the process, see the \fBPROCESS FLAGS\fR section. (alias\ \fBflag\fR,\ \fBflags\fR). T} fgid FGID T{ filesystem access group\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsgid\fR). T} fgroup FGROUP T{ filesystem access group\ ID. This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. (alias\ \fBfsgroup\fR). T} flag F T{ see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflags\fR). T} flags F T{ see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflag\fR). T} fname COMMAND T{ first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file. The output in this column may contain spaces. T} fuid FUID T{ filesystem access user\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsuid\fR). T} fuser FUSER T{ filesystem access user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. T} gid GID T{ see\ \fBegid\fR. (alias\ \fBegid\fR). T} group GROUP T{ see\ \fBegroup\fR. (alias\ \fBegroup\fR). T} ignored IGNORED T{ mask of the ignored signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\ bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias \fBsig_ignore\fR, \fBsigignore\fR). T} label LABEL T{ security label, most commonly used for SE\ Linux context data. This is for the \fIMandatory Access Control\fR ("MAC") found on high\-security systems. T} lstart STARTED T{ time the command started. See also \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR, \fBstart_time\fR, and \fBstime\fR. T} lwp LWP T{ lwp (light weight process, or thread) ID of the lwp being reported. (alias\ \fBspid\fR,\ \fBtid\fR). T} maj_flt MAJFLT T{ The number of major page faults that have occured with this process. T} min_flt MINFLT T{ The number of minor page faults that have occured with this process. T} ni NI T{ nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not\ nice to\ others), see\ \fInice\fR(1). (alias\ \fBnice\fR). T} nice NI T{ see\ \fBni\fR. (alias\ \fBni\fR). T} nlwp NLWP T{ number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias\ \fBthcount\fR). T} nwchan WCHAN T{ address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use \fBwchan\fR if you want the kernel function name). Running tasks will display a dash ('\-') in this column. T} pcpu %CPU T{ see\ \fB%cpu\fR. (alias\ \fB%cpu\fR). T} pending PENDING T{ mask of the pending signals. See\ \fIsignal\fR(7). Signals pending on the process are distinct from signals pending on individual threads. Use the \fBm\fR option or the \fB\-m\fR option to see both. According to the width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\ bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias\ \fBsig\fR). T} pgid PGID T{ process group\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the process group leader. (alias\ \fBpgrp\fR). T} pgrp PGRP T{ see\ \fBpgid\fR. (alias\ \fBpgid\fR). T} pid PID T{ process\ ID number of the process. T} pmem %MEM T{ see\ \fB%mem\fR. (alias\ \fB%mem\fR). T} policy POL T{ scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBclass\fR,\ \fBcls\fR). Possible values are: .br \- not reported .br TS SCHED_OTHER .br FF SCHED_FIFO .br RR SCHED_RR .br B SCHED_BATCH .br ISO SCHED_ISO .br IDL SCHED_IDLE .br ? unknown value T} ppid PPID T{ parent process ID. T} pri PRI T{ priority of the process. Higher number means lower priority. T} psr PSR T{ processor that process is currently assigned to. T} rgid RGID T{ real group ID. T} rgroup RGROUP T{ real group name. This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. T} rss RSS T{ resident set size, the non\-swapped physical memory that a task has used (in\ kiloBytes). (alias\ \fBrssize\fR,\ \fBrsz\fR). T} rssize RSS T{ see\ \fBrss\fR. (alias\ \fBrss\fR,\ \fBrsz\fR). T} rsz RSZ T{ see\ \fBrss\fR. (alias\ \fBrss\fR,\ \fBrssize\fR). T} rtprio RTPRIO T{ realtime priority. T} ruid RUID T{ real user\ ID. T} ruser RUSER T{ real user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. T} s S T{ minimal state display (one\ character). See\ section \fBPROCESS STATE CODES\fR for the different values. See\ also \fBstat\fR if you want additional information displayed. (alias\ \fBstate\fR). T} sched SCH T{ scheduling policy of the process. The policies SCHED_OTHER (SCHED_NORMAL), SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_ISO, and SCHED_IDLE are respectively displayed as 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3,\ 4,\ and\ 5. T} sess SESS T{ session\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the session\ leader. (alias\ \fBsession\fR,\ \fBsid\fR). T} sgi_p P T{ processor that the process is currently executing on. Displays "*" if the process is not currently running or runnable. T} sgid SGID T{ saved group\ ID. (alias\ \fBsvgid\fR). T} sgroup SGROUP T{ saved group\ name. This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits, or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise. T} sid SID T{ see\ \fBsess\fR. (alias\ \fBsess\fR,\ \fBsession\fR). T} sig PENDING T{ see\ \fBpending\fR. (alias\ \fBpending\fR,\ \fBsig_pend\fR). T} sigcatch CAUGHT T{ see\ \fBcaught\fR. (alias\ \fBcaught\fR,\ \fBsig_catch\fR). T} sigignore IGNORED T{ see\ \fBignored\fR. (alias\ \fBignored\fR,\ \fBsig_ignore\fR). T} sigmask BLOCKED T{ see\ \fBblocked\fR. (alias\ \fBblocked\fR,\ \fBsig_block\fR). T} size SZ T{ approximate amount of swap space that would be required if the process were to dirty all writable pages and then be swapped out. This number is very\ rough! T} spid SPID T{ see \fBlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBlwp\fR,\ \fBtid\fR). T} stackp STACKP T{ address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process. T} start STARTED T{ time the command started. If the process was started less than 24 hours ago, the output format is "HH:MM:SS", else it is "\ \ . Michael K. Johnson re\-wrote it significantly to use the proc filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael Shields added the pid\-list feature. Charles Blake added multi\-level sorting, the dirent\-style library, the device name\-to\-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search directly on System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups. David Mossberger\-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. Albert Cahalan rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax. Please send bug reports to . No\ subscription is required or suggested.