.\" Copyright 1994 Dr. Greg Wettstein, Enjellic Systems Development.
.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License
.\" Sun Jul 30 01:35:55 MET: Martin Schulze: Updates
.\" Sun Nov 19 23:22:21 MET: Martin Schulze: Updates
.\"
.TH KLOGD 8 "24 November 1995" "Version 1.3" "Linux System Administration"
.SH NAME
klogd \- kernel log daemon.
.LP
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B klogd
.RB [ " \-c "
.I n
]
.RB [ " \-d " ]
.RB [ " \-f "
.I fname
]
.RB [ " \-n " ]
.RB [ " \-o " ]
.RB [ " \-s " ]
.RB [ " \-k "
.I fname
]
.RB [ " \-v " ]
.LP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B klogd
is a system daemon which intercepts and logs Linux kernel
messages.
.LP
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.BI "\-c " n
Sets the default log level of console messages to \fIn\fR.
.TP
.B "\-d"
Enable debugging mode.  This will generate \fBLOTS\fR of output to
stderr.
.TP
.BI "\-f " file
Log messages to the specified filename rather than to the syslog facility.
.TP
.B "\-n"
Avoid auto-backgrounding. This is needed especially if the
.B klogd
is started and controlled by 
.BR init (8).
.TP
.B "-o"
Execute in 'one\-shot' mode.  This causes \fBklogd\fP to read and log
all the messages that are found in the kernel message buffers.  After
a single read and log cycle the daemon exits.
.TP
.B "-s"
Force \fBklogd\fP to use the system call interface to the kernel message
buffers.
.TP
.BI "\-k " file
Use the specified file as the source of kernel symbol information.
.TP
.B "\-v"
Print version and exit.
.LP
.SH OVERVIEW
The functionality of klogd has been typically incorporated into other
versions of syslogd but this seems to be a poor place for it.  In the
modern Linux kernel a number of kernel messaging issues such as
sourcing, prioritization and resolution of kernel addresses must be
addressed.  Incorporating kernel logging into a separate process
offers a cleaner separation of services.

In Linux there are two potential sources of kernel log information: the 
.I /proc
filesystem and the syscall (sys_syslog) interface, although
ultimately they are one and the same.  Klogd is designed to choose
whichever source of information is the most appropriate.  It does this
by first checking for the presence of a mounted 
.I /proc
filesystem. If this is found the 
.I /proc/kmsg
file is used as the source of kernel log
information. If the proc filesystem is not mounted 
.B klogd
uses a
system call to obtain kernel messages.  The command line switch
.RB ( "\-s" )
can be used to force klogd to use the system call interface as its
messaging source.

If kernel messages are directed through the 
.BR syslogd " daemon the " klogd
daemon, as of version 1.1, has the ability to properly prioritize
kernel messages. Prioritization of the kernel messages was added to it
at approximately version 0.99pl13 of the kernel. The raw kernel messages
are of the form:
.IP
\<[0\-7]\>Something said by the kernel.
.PP
The priority of the kernel message is encoded as a single numeric
digit enclosed inside the <> pair.  The definitions of these values is
given in the kernel include file kernel.h.  When a message is received
from the kernel the klogd daemon reads this priority level and assigns
the appropriate priority level to the syslog message.  If file output
(\fB-f\fR) is used the prioritization sequence is left pre\-pended to the
kernel message.

The
.B klogd
daemon also allows the ability to alter the presentation of
kernel messages to the system console.  Consequent with the
prioritization of kernel messages was the inclusion of default
messaging levels for the kernel.  In a stock kernel the the default
console log level is set to 7.  Any messages with a priority level
numerically lower than 7 (higher priority) appear on the console.

Messages of priority level 7 are considered to be 'debug' messages and
will thus not appear on the console.  Many administrators,
particularly in a multi\-user environment, prefer that all kernel
messages be handled by klogd and either directed to a file or to
the syslogd daemon.  This prevents 'nuisance' messages such as line
printer out of paper or disk change detected from cluttering the
console.

By default the
.B klogd
daemon executes a system call to inhibit all
kernel messages (except for panics) from being displayed on the
console.  The \fB\-c\fR switch can be used to alter this behavior.  The
argument given to the \fB\-c\fR switch specifies the priority level of
messages which will be directed to the console.  Note that messages of
a priority value LOWER than the indicated number will be directed to
the console.
.IP
For example, to have the kernel display all messages with a
priority level of 3
.BR "" ( KERN_ERR )
or more severe the following
command would be executed:
.IP
.nf
	klogd \-c 4
.fi
.PP
The definitions of the numeric values for kernel messages are given in
the file 
.IR kernel.h " which can be found in the " /usr/include/linux
directory if the kernel sources are installed.  These values parallel
the syslog priority values which are defined in the file 
.IR syslog.h " found in the " /usr/include/sys " sub\-directory."

The klogd daemon can also be used in a 'one\-shot' mode for reading the
kernel message buffers.  One shot mode is selected by specifying the
\fB\-o\fR switch on the command line.  Output will be directed to either the
syslogd daemon or to an alternate file specified by the \fB-f\fR switch.
.IP
For example, to read all the kernel messages after a system
boot and record them in a file called krnl.msg the following
command would be given.
.IP
.nf
	klogd -o -f ./krnl.msg
.fi
.PP
.SH KERNEL ADDRESS RESOLUTION
.B klogd
will attempt to resolve kernel numeric addresses to their symbolic
forms if a kernel symbol table is available at execution time.
A symbol table may be specified by using the \fB\-k\fR switch on the
command line.  If a symbol file is not explicitly specified the
following filenames will be tried:

.nf
.I /boot/System.map
.I /System.map
.I /usr/src/linux/System.map
.fi

Version information is supplied in the system maps as of kernel
1.3.43.  This version information is used to direct an intelligent
search of the list of symbol tables.  This feature is useful since it
provides support for both production and experimental kernels.

For example a production kernel may have its map file stored in
/boot/System.map.  If an experimental or test kernel is compiled with
the sources in the 'standard' location of /usr/src/linux the system
map will be found in /usr/src/linux/System.map.  When klogd starts
under the experimental kernel the map in /boot/System.map will be
bypassed in favor of the map in /usr/src/linux/System.map.

Modern kernels as of 1.3.43 properly format important kernel addresses
so that they will be recognized and translated by klogd.  Earlier
kernels require a source code patch be applied to the kernel sources.
This patch is supplied with the sysklogd sources.
.PP
.SH SIGNAL HANDLING
The 
.B klogd
will respond to six signals:
.BR SIGHUP ", " SIGINT ", " SIGKILL ", " SIGTERM ", " SIGTSTP " and " SIGCONT ". The"
.BR SIGINT ", " SIGKILL ", " SIGTERM " and " SIGHUP
signals will cause the daemon to close its kernel log sources and
terminate gracefully.

The 
.BR SIGTSTP " and " SIGCONT
singals are used to start and stop kernel logging. Upon receipt of a 
.B SIGTSTP
signal the daemon will close its
log sources and spin in an idle loop.  Subsequent receipt of a 
.B SIGCONT
signal will cause the daemon to go through its initialization sequence
and re-choose an input source.  Using
.BR SIGSTOP " and " SIGCONT
in combination the kernel log input can be re-chosen without stopping and
restarting the daemon.  For example if the \fI/proc\fR file system is to be
un-mounted the following command sequence should be used:
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
	# kill -TSTP pid
.TP
	# umount /proc
.TP
	# kill -CONT pid
.PD
.PP
Notations will be made in the system logs with 
.B LOG_INFO
priority
documenting the start/stop of logging.
.LP
.SH FILES
.PD 0
.TP
.I /proc/kmsg
One Source for kernel messages
.B klogd
.TP
.I /var/run/klogd.pid
The file containing the process id of 
.B klogd
.TP
.I /System.map, /usr/src/linux/System.map
Default locations for kernel system maps.
.PD
.SH BUGS
Probably numerous.  Well formed context diffs appreciated.
.LP
.SH AUTHOR
The
.B klogd
was originally written by Steve Lord (lord@cray.com), Greg Wettstein
made major improvements.

.PD 0
.TP
Dr. Greg Wettstein (greg@wind.rmcc.com)
.TP
Enjellic Systems Development
.PD
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
Oncology Research Divsion Computing Facility
.TP
Roger Maris Cancer Center
.TP
Fargo, ND 58122
.PD
.zZ