busybox/docs/busybox.net/programming.html

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<h2>Rob's notes on programming busybox.</h2>

<ul>
  <li><a href="#goals">What are the goals of busybox?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#design">What is the design of busybox?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#source">How is the source code organized?</a></li>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#source_applets">The applet directories.</a></li>
    <li><a href="#source_libbb">The busybox shared library (libbb)</a></li>
  </ul>
  <li><a href="#adding">Adding an applet to busybox</a></li>
  <li><a href="#standards">What standards does busybox adhere to?</a></li>
</ul>

<h2><b><a name="goals" />What are the goals of busybox?</b></h2>

<p>Busybox aims to be the smallest and simplest correct implementation of the
standard Linux command line tools.  First and foremost, this means the
smallest executable size we can manage.  We also want to have the simplest
and cleanest implementation we can manage, be <a href="#standards">standards
compliant</a>, minimize run-time memory usage (heap and stack), run fast, and
take over the world.</p>

<h2><b><a name="design" />What is the design of busybox?</b></h2>

<p>Busybox is like a swiss army knife: one thing with many functions.
The busybox executable can act like many different programs depending on
the name used to invoke it.  Normal practice is to create a bunch of symlinks
pointing to the busybox binary, each of which triggers a different busybox
function.  (See <a href="FAQ.html#getting_started">getting started</a> in the
FAQ for more information on usage, and <a href="BusyBox.html">the
busybox documentation</a> for a list of symlink names and what they do.)

<p>The "one binary to rule them all" approach is primarily for size reasons: a
single multi-purpose executable is smaller then many small files could be.
This way busybox only has one set of ELF headers, it can easily share code
between different apps even when statically linked, it has better packing
efficiency by avoding gaps between files or compression dictionary resets,
and so on.</p>

<p>Work is underway on new options such as "make standalone" to build separate
binaries for each applet, and a "libbb.so" to make the busybox common code
available as a shared library.  Neither is ready yet at the time of this
writing.</p>

<a name="source" />

<h2><a name="source_applets" /><b>The applet directories</b></h2>

<p>The directory "applets" contains the busybox startup code (applets.c and
busybox.c), and several subdirectories containing the code for the individual
applets.</p>

<p>Busybox execution starts with the main() function in applets/busybox.c,
which sets the global variable bb_applet_name to argv[0] and calls
run_applet_by_name() in applets/applets.c.  That uses the applets[] array
(defined in include/busybox.h and filled out in include/applets.h) to
transfer control to the appropriate APPLET_main() function (such as
cat_main() or sed_main()).  The individual applet takes it from there.</p>

<p>This is why calling busybox under a different name triggers different
functionality: main() looks up argv[0] in applets[] to get a function pointer
to APPLET_main().</p>

<p>Busybox applets may also be invoked through the multiplexor applet
"busybox" (see busybox_main() in applets/busybox.c), and through the
standalone shell (grep for STANDALONE_SHELL in applets/shell/*.c).
See <a href="FAQ.html#getting_started">getting started</a> in the
FAQ for more information on these alternate usage mechanisms, which are
just different ways to reach the relevant APPLET_main() function.</p>

<p>The applet subdirectories (archival, console-tools, coreutils,
debianutils, e2fsprogs, editors, findutils, init, loginutils, miscutils,
modutils, networking, procps, shell, sysklogd, and util-linux) correspond
to the configuration sub-menus in menuconfig.  Each subdirectory contains the
code to implement the applets in that sub-menu, as well as a Config.in
file defining that configuration sub-menu (with dependencies and help text
for each applet), and the makefile segment (Makefile.in) for that
subdirectory.</p>

<p>The run-time --help is stored in usage_messages[], which is initialized at
the start of applets/applets.c and gets its help text from usage.h.  During the
build this help text is also used to generate the BusyBox documentation (in
html, txt, and man page formats) in the docs directory.  See
<a href="#adding">adding an applet to busybox</a> for more
information.</p>

<h2><a name="source_libbb" /><b>libbb</b></h2>

<p>Most non-setup code shared between busybox applets lives in the libbb
directory.  It's a mess that evolved over the years without much auditing
or cleanup.  For anybody looking for a great project to break into busybox
development with, documenting libbb would be both incredibly useful and good
experience.</p>

<p>Common themes in libbb include allocation functions that test
for failure and abort the program with an error message so the caller doesn't
have to test the return value (xmalloc(), xstrdup(), etc), wrapped versions
of open(), close(), read(), and write() that test for their own failures
and/or retry automatically, linked list management functions (llist.c),
command line argument parsing (getopt_ulflags.c), and a whole lot more.</p>

<h2><a name="adding" /><b>Adding an applet to busybox</b></h2>

<p>To add a new applet to busybox, first pick a name for the applet and
a corresponding CONFIG_NAME.  Then do this:</p>

<ul>
<li>Figure out where in the busybox source tree your applet best fits,
and put your source code there.  Be sure to use APPLET_main() instead
of main(), where APPLET is the name of your applet.</li>

<li>Add your applet to the relevant Config.in file (which file you add
it to determines where it shows up in "make menuconfig").  This uses
the same general format as the linux kernel's configuration system.</li>

<li>Add your applet to the relevant Makefile.in file (in the same
directory as the Config.in you chose), using the existing entries as a
template and the same CONFIG symbol as you used for Config.in.  (Don't
forget "needlibm" or "needcrypt" if your applet needs libm or
libcrypt.)</li>

<li>Add your applet to "include/applets.h", using one of the existing
entries as a template.  (Note: this is in alphabetical order.  Applets
are found via binary search, and if you add an applet out of order it
won't work.)</li>

<li>Add your applet's runtime help text to "include/usage.h".  You need
at least appname_trivial_usage (the minimal help text, always included
in the busybox binary when this applet is enabled) and appname_full_usage
(extra help text included in the busybox binary with
CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE is enabled), or it won't compile.
The other two help entry types (appname_example_usage and
appname_notes_usage) are optional.  They don't take up space in the binary,
but instead show up in the generated documentation (BusyBox.html,
BusyBox.txt, and the man page BusyBox.1).</li>

<li>Run menuconfig, switch your applet on, compile, test, and fix the
bugs.  Be sure to try both "allyesconfig" and "allnoconfig" (and
"allbareconfig" if relevant).</li>

</ul>

<h2><a name="standards" />What standards does busybox adhere to?</a></h2>

<p>The standard we're paying attention to is the "Shell and Utilities"
portion of the <a href=http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/>Open
Group Base Standards</a> (also known as the Single Unix Specification version
3 or SUSv3).  Note that paying attention isn't necessarily the same thing as
following it.</p>

<p>SUSv3 doesn't even mention things like init, mount, tar, or losetup, nor
commonly used options like echo's '-e' and '-n', or sed's '-i'.  Busybox is
driven by what real users actually need, not the fact the standard believes
we should implement ed or sccs.  For size reasons, we're unlikely to include
much internationalization support beyond UTF-8, and on top of all that, our
configuration menu lets developers chop out features to produce smaller but
very non-standard utilities.</p>

<p>Also, Busybox is aimed primarily at Linux.  Unix standards are interesting
because Linux tries to adhere to them, but portability to dozens of platforms
is only interesting in terms of offering a restricted feature set that works
everywhere, not growing dozens of platform-specific extensions.  Busybox
should be portable to all hardware platforms Linux supports, and any other
similar operating systems that are easy to do and won't require much
maintenance.</p>

<p>In practice, standards compliance tends to be a clean-up step once an
applet is otherwise finished.  When polishing and testing a busybox applet,
we ensure we have at least the option of full standards compliance, or else
document where we (intentionally) fall short.</p>

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