- make it resemble english and fix typo s/interperet/interpret/g;
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@ -259,15 +259,15 @@ before freeing them.</p>
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<p>With a very primitive MMU (using a base pointer plus length instead of page
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tables, which can provide virtual addresses and protect processes from each
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other, but no copy on write) you can still implement fork. But it's
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unreasonably expensive, because you have to copy all the parent process's
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unreasonably expensive, because you have to copy all the parent process'
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memory into the new process (which could easily be several megabytes per fork).
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And you have to do this even though that memory gets freed again as soon as the
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exec happens. (This is not just slow and a waste of space but causes memory
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usage spikes that can easily cause the system to run out of memory.)</p>
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<p>Without even a primitive MMU, you have no virtual addresses. Every process
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can reach out and touch any other process's memory, because all pointers are to
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physical addresses with no protection. Even if you copy a process's memory to
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can reach out and touch any other process' memory, because all pointers are to
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physical addresses with no protection. Even if you copy a process' memory to
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new physical addresses, all of its pointers point to the old objects in the
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old process. (Searching through the new copy's memory for pointers and
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redirect them to the new locations is not an easy problem.)</p>
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@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ failed to exec.)</p>
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(which presumably is much shorter than the heap), and leave the heap shared.
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Even with no MMU at all
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In practice, you've just wound up in a multi-threaded situation and you can't
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do a malloc() or free() on your heap without freeing the other process's memory
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do a malloc() or free() on your heap without freeing the other process' memory
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(and if you don't have the proper locking for being threaded, corrupting the
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heap if both of you try to do it at the same time and wind up stomping on
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each other while traversing the free memory lists). The thing about vfork is
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@ -350,16 +350,16 @@ on their their sockets, now you know.)</p>
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<h2><a name="tips_memory">Memory used by relocatable code, PIC, and static linking.</a></h2>
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<p>The downside of standard dynamic linking is that it results in self-modifying
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code. Although each executable's pages are mmaped() into a process's address
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code. Although each executable's pages are mmaped() into a process' address
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space from the executable file and are thus naturally shared between processes
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out of the page cache, the library loader (ld-linux.so.2 or ld-uClibc.so.0)
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writes to these pages to supply addresses for relocatable symbols. This
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dirties the pages, triggering copy-on-write allocation of new memory for each
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processes's dirtied pages.</p>
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processes' dirtied pages.</p>
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<p>One solution to this is Position Independent Code (PIC), a way of linking
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a file so all the relocations are grouped together. This dirties fewer
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pages (often just a single page) for each process's relocations. The down
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pages (often just a single page) for each process' relocations. The down
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side is this results in larger executables, which take up more space on disk
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(and a correspondingly larger space in memory). But when many copies of the
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same program are running, PIC dynamic linking trades a larger disk footprint
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@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ of a win anyway.</p>
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<p>You can tell the glibc linker to display debugging information about its
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relocations with the environment variable "LD_DEBUG". Try
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"LD_DEBUG=help /bin/true" for a list of commands. Learning to interperet
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"LD_DEBUG=help /bin/true" for a list of commands. Learning to interpret
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"LD_DEBUG=statistics cat /proc/self/statm" could be interesting.</p>
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<h2><a name="who">Who are the BusyBox developers?</a></h2>
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