procps/ps/ps.1

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.\" Man page for ps.
.\" Quick hack conversion by Albert Cahalan, 1998.
.\" Licensed under version 2 of the Gnu General Public License.
.\"
.TH PS "1" "January 2022" "procps-ng" "User Commands"
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.nh
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.SH NAME
ps \- report a snapshot of the current processes.
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBps\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
.PP
.PP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B ps
displays information about a selection of the active processes.  If you want
a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information, use
.B top
instead.
.P
This version of
.B ps
accepts several kinds of options:
.IP
.PD 0
.IP 1 4
UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash.
.IP 2 4
BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
.IP 3 4
GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.
.PD
.PP
Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear.
There are some synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to
the many standards and
.B ps
implementations that this
.B ps
is compatible with.
.P
Note that \fBps \-aux\fR is distinct from \fBps\ aux\fR.  The POSIX and
UNIX standards require that \fBps\ \-aux\fR print all processes owned by a
user named \fIx\fR, as well as printing all processes that would be selected by
the
.B \-a
option.  If the user named \fIx\fR does not exist, this
.B ps
may interpret the command as \fBps\ aux\fR instead and print a warning.
This behavior is intended to aid in transitioning old scripts and habits.  It
is fragile, subject to change, and thus should not be relied upon.
.P
By default,
.B ps
selects all processes with the same effective user ID (euid=EUID) as the
current user and associated with the same terminal as the invoker.  It
displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process
(tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in [DD\-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and
the executable name (ucmd=CMD).  Output is unsorted by default.
.P
The use of BSD\-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the
default display and show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the
executable name.  You can override this with the
.B PS_FORMAT
environment variable. The use of BSD\-style options will also change the
process selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are
owned by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to
be the set of all processes filtered to exclude processes owned by other
users or not on a terminal.  These effects are not considered when options
are described as being "identical" below, so
.B \-M
will be considered identical to \fBZ\fR and so on.
.P
Except as described below, process selection options are additive.  The
default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes are added to
the set of processes to be displayed.  A process will thus be shown if it
meets any of the given selection criteria.
.PP
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.TP 3
To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
.B ps\ \-e
.br
.B ps\ \-ef
.br
.B ps\ \-eF
.br
.B ps\ \-ely
.TP
To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
.B ps\ ax
.br
.B ps\ axu
.TP
To print a process tree:
.B ps\ -ejH
.br
.B ps\ axjf
.TP
To get info about threads:
.B ps\ -eLf
.br
.B ps\ axms
.TP
To get security info:
.B ps\ -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
.br
.B ps\ axZ
.br
.B ps\ -eM
.TP
To see every process running as root (real\ &\ effective\ ID) in user format:
.B ps\ \-U\ root\ \-u\ root\ u
.TP
To see every process with a user\-defined format:
.B ps\ \-eo\ pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
.br
.B ps\ axo\ stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
.br
.B ps\ \-Ao\ pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
.TP
Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
.B ps\ \-C\ syslogd\ \-o\ pid=
.TP
Print only the name of PID 42:
.B ps\ \-q\ 42\ \-o\ comm=
.PP
.PP
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.SH "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION"
.TP
.BR a
Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon the
set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without "\-") options are used or
when the
.B ps
personality setting is BSD\-like.  The set of processes selected in this
manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.  An
alternate description is that this option causes
.B ps
to list all processes with a terminal (tty), or to list all processes when
used together with the
.B x
option.
.TP
.B \-A
Select all processes.  Identical to
.BR \-e .
.TP
.B \-a
Select all processes except both session leaders (see
.IR getsid (2))
and processes not associated with a terminal.
.TP
.B \-d
Select all processes except session leaders.
.TP
.B \-\-deselect
Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions
(negates the selection).  Identical to
.BR \-N .
.TP
.B \-e
Select all processes.  Identical to
.BR \-A .
.\" Current "g" behavior: add in the session leaders, which would
.\" be excluded in the sunos4 personality. Supposed "g" behavior:
.\" add in the group leaders -- at least according to the SunOS 4
.\" man page on the FreeBSD site. Uh oh. I think I had tested SunOS
.\" though, so maybe the code is correct.
.TP
.B g
Really all, even session leaders.  This flag is obsolete and may be
discontinued in a future release.  It is normally implied by the
.B a
flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality.
.TP
.B \-N
Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions
(negates the selection).  Identical to
.BR \-\-deselect .
.TP
.B T
Select all processes associated with this terminal.  Identical to the
.B t
option without any argument.
.TP
.B r
Restrict the selection to only running processes.
.TP
.B x
Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon the
set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without "\-") options are used or
when the
.B ps
personality setting is BSD\-like.  The set of processes selected in this
manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.  An
alternate description is that this option causes
.B ps
to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as
.BR ps ),
or to list all processes when used together with the
.B a
option.
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.PD
.PP
.SH "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST"
These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or
comma\-separated list.  They can be used multiple times.  For example:
\fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR
.TP
.RI \- 123
Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR.
.TP
.I 123
Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR.
.TP
.BI \-C \ cmdlist
Select by command name.  This selects the processes whose executable name is
given in
.IR cmdlist .
NOTE: The command name is not the same as the command line. Previous versions
of procps and the kernel truncated this command name to 15 characters. This
limitation is no longer present in both. If you depended on matching only
15 characters, you may no longer get a match.
.TP
.BI \-G \ grplist
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  This selects the processes whose
real group name or ID is in the
.I grplist
list.  The real group ID identifies the group of the user who created the
process, see
.IR getgid (2).
.TP
.BI \-g \ grplist
Select by session OR by effective group name.  Selection by session is
specified by many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical
behavior that several other operating systems use.  This
.B ps
will select by session when the list is completely numeric (as sessions
are).  Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also
specified.  See the
.B \-s
and
.B \-\-group
options.
.TP
.BI \-\-Group \ grplist
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  Identical to
.BR \-G .
.TP
.BI \-\-group \ grplist
Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.  This selects the processes
whose effective group name or ID is in
.IR grplist .
The effective group ID describes the group whose file access permissions are
used by the process (see
.IR getegid (2)).
The
.B \-g
option is often an alternative to
.BR \-\-group .
.TP
.BI p \ pidlist
Select by process ID.  Identical to
.B \-p
and
.BR \-\-pid .
.TP
.BI \-p \ pidlist
Select by PID.  This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in
.IR pidlist .
Identical to
.B p
and
.BR \-\-pid .
.TP
.BI  \-\-pid \ pidlist
Select by process\ ID.  Identical to
.B \-p
and
.BR p .
.TP
.BI \-\-ppid \ pidlist
Select by parent process ID.  This selects the processes with a parent
process\ ID in
.IR pidlist .
That is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in
.IR pidlist .
.TP
.BI q \ pidlist
Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to
.B \-q
and
.BR \-\-quick\-pid .
.TP
.BI \-q \ pidlist
Select by PID (quick mode).  This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in
.IR pidlist .
With this option \fBps\fR reads the necessary info only
for the pids listed in the \fIpidlist\fR and doesn't apply
additional filtering rules. The order of pids is unsorted
and preserved. No additional selection options, sorting
and forest type listings are allowed in this mode.
Identical to
.B q
and
.BR \-\-quick\-pid .
.TP
.BI  \-\-quick\-pid \ pidlist
Select by process\ ID (quick mode).  Identical to
.B \-q
and
.BR q .
.TP
.BI \-s \ sesslist
Select by session ID.  This selects the processes with a session ID specified
in
.IR sesslist .
.TP
.BI \-\-sid \ sesslist
Select by session\ ID.  Identical to
.BR \-s .
.TP
.BI t \ ttylist
Select by tty.  Nearly identical to
.B \-t
and
.BR \-\-tty ,
but can also
be used with an empty
.I ttylist
to indicate the terminal associated with
.BR ps .
Using the
.B T
option is considered cleaner than using
.B t
with an empty
.IR ttylist .
.TP
.BI \-t \ ttylist
Select by tty.  This selects the processes associated with the terminals
given in
.IR ttylist .
Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1.  A plain "\-" may be used to select processes
not attached to any terminal.
.TP
.BI \-\-tty \ ttylist
Select by terminal.  Identical to
.B \-t
and
.BR t .
.TP
.BI U \ userlist
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects the processes whose
effective user name or ID is in
.IR userlist .
The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are
used by the process (see
.IR  geteuid (2)).
Identical to
.B \-u
and
.BR \-\-user .
.TP
.BI \-U \ userlist
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  It selects the processes whose real
user name or ID is in the
.I userlist
list.  The real user ID identifies the user who created the process, see
.IR getuid (2).
.TP
.BI \-u \ userlist
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects the processes whose
effective user name or ID is in
.IR userlist .

The effective user ID describes the user whose file
access permissions are used by the process (see
.IR geteuid (2)).
Identical to
.B U
and
.BR \-\-user .
.TP
.BI \-\-User \ userlist
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  Identical to
.BR \-U .
.TP
.BI \-\-user \ userlist
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  Identical to
.B \-u
and
.BR U .
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.PD
.PP
.SH "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL"
These options are used to choose the information displayed by
.BR ps .
The output may differ by personality.
.PP
.TP
.B \-c
Show different scheduler information for the
.B \-l
option.
.TP
.B \-\-context
Display security context format (for SELinux).
.TP
.B \-f
Do full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many other
UNIX\-style options to add additional columns.  It also causes the command
arguments to be printed.  When used with
.BR \-L ,
the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added.  See
the
.B c
option, the format keyword
.BR args ,
and the format keyword
.BR comm .
.TP
.B \-F
Extra full format.  See the
.B \-f
option, which
.B \-F
implies.
.TP
.BI \-\-format \ format
user\-defined format.  Identical to
.B \-o
and
.BR o .
.TP
.B j
BSD job control format.
.TP
.B \-j
Jobs format.
.TP
.B l
Display BSD long format.
.TP
.B \-l
Long format.  The
.B \-y
option is often useful with this.
.TP
.B \-M
Add a column of security data.  Identical to
.B Z
(for SELinux).
.TP
.BI O \ format
is preloaded
.B o
(overloaded).  The BSD
.B O
option can act like
.B \-O
(user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be
used to specify sort order.  Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of
this option.  To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g.  with
.B \-O
or
.BR \-\-sort ).
When used as a formatting option, it is identical to
.BR \-O ,
with the BSD personality.
.TP
.BI \-O \ format
Like
.BR \-o ,
but preloaded with some default columns.  Identical to
\fB\-o\ pid,\:\fIformat\fB,\:state,\:tname,\:time,\:command\fR or
\fB\-o\ pid,\:\fIformat\fB,\:tname,\:time,\:cmd\fR,
see
.B \-o
below.
.TP
.BI o \ format
Specify user\-defined format.  Identical to
.B \-o
and
.BR \-\-format .
.TP
.BI \-o \ format
User\-defined format.
.I format
is a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or comma\-separated
list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns.  The
recognized keywords are described in the
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
section below.  Headers may be renamed
.RB ( "ps \-o pid,\:ruser=RealUser \-o comm=Command" )
as desired.
If all column headers are empty
.RB ( "ps \-o pid= \-o comm=" )
then the header line will not be output.  Column width will increase as
needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN
.RB ( "ps \-o pid,\:wchan=\:WIDE\-\:WCHAN\-\:COLUMN \-o comm" ).
Explicit width
control
.RB ( "ps opid,\:wchan:42,\:cmd" )
is offered too.  The behavior of
.B ps -o pid=X,\:comm=Y
varies with personality; output may be one column named "X,\:comm=Y" or two
columns named "X" and "Y".  Use multiple
.B \-o
options when in doubt.  Use the
.B PS_FORMAT
environment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are
macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.
.TP
.B s
Display signal format.
.TP
.B u
Display user\-oriented format.
.TP
.B v
Display virtual memory format.
.TP
.B X
Register format.
.TP
.B \-y
Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr.  This option can only be used
with
.BR \-l .
.TP
.B Z
Add a column of security data.  Identical to
.B \-M
(for SELinux).
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.PD
.PP
.SH "OUTPUT MODIFIERS"
.\"  .TP
.\"  .B C
.\"  use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average
.TP
.B c
Show the true command name.  This is derived from the name of the executable
file, rather than from the argv value.  Command arguments and any
modifications to them are thus not shown.  This option effectively turns the
.B args
format keyword into the
.B comm
format keyword; it is useful with the
.B \-f
format option and with the various BSD\-style format options, which all
normally display the command arguments.  See the
.B \-f
option, the format
keyword
.BR args ,
and the format keyword
.BR comm .
.TP
.BI \-\-cols \ n
Set screen width.
.TP
.BI \-\-columns \ n
Set screen width.
.TP
.B \-\-cumulative
Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent).
.TP
.B e
Show the environment after the command.
.TP
.B f
ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).
.TP
.B \-\-forest
ASCII art process tree.
.TP
.B h
No header.  (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality).  The
.B h
option is problematic.  Standard BSD
.B ps
uses this option to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux
.B ps
uses this option to totally disable the header.  This version of
.B ps
follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality
has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output.
Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options
.B \-\-headers
and
.B \-\-no\-headers
to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely,
respectively.
.TP
.B \-H
Show process hierarchy (forest).
.TP
.B \-\-headers
Repeat header lines, one per page of output.
.TP
.BI k \ spec
Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]].
Choose a multi\-letter key from the
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
section.  The "+" is optional since default direction is increasing
numerical or lexicographic order.  Identical to
.BR \-\-sort .
.RS 8
.IP
Examples:
.br
.B ps jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid
.br
.B ps axk comm o comm,args
.br
.B ps kstart_time \-ef
.RE
.TP
.BI \-\-lines \ n
Set screen height.
.TP
.B n
Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID).
.TP
.B \-\-no\-headers
Print no header line at all.
.B \-\-no\-heading
is an alias for this option.
.TP
.BI O \ order
Sorting order (overloaded).
The BSD
.B O
option can act like
.B \-O
(user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be
used to specify sort order.  Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of
this option.  To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g.  with
.B \-O
or
.BR \-\-sort ).
.IP
For sorting, obsolete BSD
.B O
option syntax is
\fBO\fR[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk1\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk2\fR[,...]].
It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
the sequence of one\-letter short keys
.IR k1 , k2 ", ..."
described in the
.B OBSOLETE SORT KEYS
section below.  The\ "+" is currently optional, merely re\-iterating the
default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an
.B O
sort from an
.B O
format.  The "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes.
.TP
.BI \-\-rows \ n
Set screen height.
.TP
.B S
Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into
their parent.  This is useful for examining a system where a parent process
repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work.
.TP
.BI \-\-sort \ spec
Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]].  Choose a
multi\-letter key from the
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
section.  The "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical
or lexicographic order.  Identical to
.BR k .
For example:
.B ps jax \-\-sort=\:uid,\:\-ppid,\:+pid
.TP
.B w
Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.
.TP
.B \-w
Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.
.TP
.BI \-\-width \ n
Set screen width.
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.PD
.PP
.SH "THREAD DISPLAY"
.TP
.B H
Show threads as if they were processes.
.TP
.B \-L
Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns.
.TP
.B m
Show threads after processes.
.TP
.B \-m
Show threads after processes.
.TP
.B \-T
Show threads, possibly with SPID column.
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.PD
.PP
.SH "OTHER INFORMATION"
.TP
.BI \-\-help \ section
Print a help message.  The \fIsection\fR argument can be one of
.IR s imple,
.IR l ist,
.IR o utput,
.IR t hreads,
.IR m "isc, or"
.IR a ll.
The argument can be shortened to one of the underlined letters as in:
s\^|\^l\^|\^o\^|\^t\^|\^m\^|\^a.
.TP
.B \-\-info
Print debugging info.
.TP
.B L
List all format specifiers.
.TP
.B V
Print the procps-ng version.
.TP
.B \-V
Print the procps-ng version.
.TP
.B \-\-version
Print the procps-ng version.
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.PD
.PP
.SH NOTES
This
.B ps
works by reading the virtual files in /proc.  This
.B ps
does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run.  Do not give
this
.B ps
any special permissions.
.PP
.PP
CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent running
during the entire lifetime of a process.  This is not ideal, and\ it does not
conform to the standards that
.B ps
otherwise conforms to.  CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.
.PP
The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the
page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct.  This
is usually at least 20 KiB of memory that is always resident.  SIZE is the
virtual size of the process (code+\:data+\:stack).
.PP
Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so\-called "zombies") that
remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly.  These processes
will be destroyed by
.IR init (8)
if the parent process exits.
.PP
If the length of the username is greater than the length of the display
column, the username will be truncated.  See the \fB\-o\fR and \fB\-O\fR
formatting options to customize length.
.PP
Commands options such as
.B ps \-aux
are not recommended as it is a confusion of two different standards.
According to the POSIX and UNIX standards, the above command asks to
display all processes with a TTY (generally the commands users are
running) plus all processes owned by a user named \fIx\fR.  If that user
doesn't exist, then
.B ps
will assume you really meant \fBps aux\fR.
.SH "PROCESS FLAGS"
The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column,
which is provided by the
.B flags
output specifier:
.IP
.RS 8
.PD 0
.TP 5
1
forked but didn't exec
.TP
4
used super\-user privileges
.PD
.RE
.PP
.SH "PROCESS STATE CODES"
Here are the different values that the
.BR s , \ stat \ and \ state
output specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the state
of a process:
.IP
.RS 8
.PD 0
.TP 5
D
uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
.TP
I
Idle kernel thread
.TP
R
running or runnable (on run queue)
.TP
S
interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)
.TP
T
stopped by job control signal
.TP
t
stopped by debugger during the tracing
.TP
W
paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
.TP
X
dead (should never be seen)
.TP
Z
defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent
.PD
.RE
.PP
For BSD formats and when the
.B stat
keyword is used, additional characters may be displayed:
.IP
.RS 8
.PD 0
.TP 5
<
high\-priority (not nice to other users)
.TP
N
low\-priority (nice to other users)
.TP
L
has pages locked into memory (for real\-time and custom IO)
.TP
s
is a session leader
.TP
l
is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do)
.TP
+
is in the foreground process group
.PD
.RE
.PP
.SH "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS"
These keys are used by the BSD
.B O
option (when it is used for sorting).  The GNU
.B \-\-sort
option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers described below in the
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
section.  Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values
.B ps
uses and not the "cooked" values used in some of the output format fields
(e.g.  sorting on tty will sort into device number, not according to the
terminal name displayed).  Pipe
.B ps
output into the
.BR sort (1)
command if you want to sort the cooked values.
.TS
l l lw(3i).
\fBKEY	LONG	DESCRIPTION\fR
c	cmd	simple name of executable
C	pcpu	cpu utilization
f	flags	flags as in long format F field
g	pgrp	process group ID
G	tpgid	controlling tty process group ID
j	cutime	cumulative user time
J	cstime	cumulative system time
k	utime	user time
m	min_flt	number of minor page faults
M	maj_flt	number of major page faults
n	cmin_flt	cumulative minor page faults
N	cmaj_flt	cumulative major page faults
o	session	session ID
p	pid	process ID
P	ppid	parent process ID
r	rss	resident set size
R	resident	resident pages
s	size	memory size in kilobytes
S	share	amount of shared pages
t	tty	the device number of the controlling tty
T	start_time	time process was started
U	uid	user ID number
u	user	user name
v	vsize	total VM size in KiB
y	priority	kernel scheduling priority
.\"K	stime	system time (conflict, system vs. start time)
.TE
.PP
.PP
.SH "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS"
This
.B ps
supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the
formatting codes of
.IR printf (1)
and
.IR printf (3).
For example, the normal default output can be produced with this:
\fBps \-eo "%p %y %x %c"\fR.
The
.B NORMAL
codes are described in the next section.
.TS
l l l.
\fBCODE	NORMAL	HEADER\fR
%C	pcpu	%CPU
%G	group	GROUP
%P	ppid	PPID
%U	user	USER
%a	args	COMMAND
%c	comm	COMMAND
%g	rgroup	RGROUP
%n	nice	NI
%p	pid	PID
%r	pgid	PGID
%t	etime	ELAPSED
%u	ruser	RUSER
%x	time	TIME
%y	tty	TTY
%z	vsz	VSZ
.TE
.SH "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS"
Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output
format (e.g. with option
.BR \-o )
or to sort the selected processes with the GNU\-style
.B \-\-sort
option.
.PP
For example:
.B ps \-eo pid,\:user,\:args \-\-sort user
.PP
This version of
.B ps
tries to recognize most of the keywords used in other implementations of
.BR ps .
.PP
The following user\-defined format specifiers may contain
spaces:
.BR args , \ cmd , \ comm , \ command , \ fname , \ ucmd , \ ucomm ,
.BR lstart , \ bsdstart , \ start .
.PP
Some keywords may not be available for sorting.

.\" #######################################################################
.\" lB1 lB1 lB1 lB1 s s s
.\" lB1 l1  l1  l1  s s s.
.\"
.\" lB1 lB1 lBw(5.5i)
.\" lB1 l1  l.
.\"
.TS
expand;
lB1 lB1 lBw(\n[ColSize]n)
lB1 l1  l.
CODE	HEADER	DESCRIPTION

%cpu	%CPU	T{
cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format.  Currently, it is the CPU
time used divided by the time the process has been running (cputime/realtime
ratio), expressed as a percentage.  It will not add up to 100% unless you are
lucky.  (alias
.BR pcpu ).
T}

%mem	%MEM	T{
ratio of the process's resident set size  to the physical memory on the
machine, expressed as a percentage.  (alias
.BR pmem ).
T}

ag_id	AGID	T{
The autogroup identifier associated with a process which operates in conjunction
with the CFS scheduler to improve interactive desktop performance.
T}

ag_nice	AGNI	T{
The autogroup nice value which affects scheduling of all processes in that group.
T}

args	COMMAND	T{
command with all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the arguments
may be shown.  The output in this column may contain spaces.  A process
marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent.
Sometimes the process args will be unavailable; when this happens,
.B ps
will instead print the executable name in brackets.  (alias
.BR cmd , \ command ).
See also the
.B comm
format keyword, the
.B \-f
option, and the
.B c
option.
.br
When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display.  If
.B ps
can not determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a
file or another command, the output width is undefined (it may be 80,
unlimited, determined by the
.B TERM
variable, and so on).  The
.B COLUMNS
environment variable or
.B \-\-cols
option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case.  The
.B w
or
.B \-w
option may be also be used to adjust width.
T}

blocked	BLOCKED	T{
mask of the blocked signals, see
.IR signal (7).
According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64\-bit mask in hexadecimal
format is displayed.  (alias
.BR sig_block , \ sigmask ).
T}

bsdstart	START	T{
time the command started.  If the process was started less than 24 hours ago,
the output format is "\ HH:MM", else it is " Mmm:SS" (where Mmm is the three
letters of the month).  See also
.BR lstart , \ start , \ start_time ", and" \ stime .
T}

bsdtime	TIME	T{
accumulated cpu time, user + system.  The display format is usually
"MMM:SS", but can be shifted to the right if the process used more than 999
minutes of cpu time.
T}

c	C	T{
processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of the percent
usage over the lifetime of the process.  (see
.BR %cpu ).
T}

caught	CAUGHT	T{
mask of the caught signals, see
.IR signal (7).
According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal
format is displayed.  (alias
.BR sig_catch , \ sigcatch ).
T}

cgname	CGNAME	T{
display name of control groups to which the process belongs.
T}

cgroup	CGROUP	T{
display control groups to which the process belongs.
T}

class	CLS	T{
scheduling class of the process.  (alias
.BR policy , \ cls ).
Field's possible values are:
.IP "" 2
\-	not reported
.br
TS	SCHED_OTHER
.br
FF	SCHED_FIFO
.br
RR	SCHED_RR
.br
B	SCHED_BATCH
.br
ISO	SCHED_ISO
.br
IDL	SCHED_IDLE
.br
DLN	SCHED_DEADLINE
.br
?	unknown value
T}

cls	CLS	T{
scheduling class of the process.  (alias
.BR policy , \ cls ).
Field's possible values are:
.IP "" 2
\-	not reported
.br
TS	SCHED_OTHER
.br
FF	SCHED_FIFO
.br
RR	SCHED_RR
.br
B	SCHED_BATCH
.br
ISO	SCHED_ISO
.br
IDL	SCHED_IDLE
.br
DLN	SCHED_DEADLINE
.br
?	unknown value
T}

cmd	CMD	T{
see
.BR args .
(alias
.BR args , \ command ).
T}

comm	COMMAND	T{
command name (only the executable name).  Modifications to the command name
will not be shown.  A process marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting to be
fully destroyed by its parent.  The output in this column may contain spaces.
(alias
.BR ucmd , \ ucomm ).
See also the
.B args
format keyword, the
.B \-f
option, and the
.B c
option.
.br
When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display.  If
.B ps
can not determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a
file or another command, the output width is undefined (it may be 80,
unlimited, determined by the
.B TERM
variable, and so on).  The
.B COLUMNS
environment variable or
.B \-\-cols
option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case.  The
.BR w \ or \ \-w
option may be also be used to adjust width.
T}

command	COMMAND	T{
See
.BR args .
(alias
.BR args , \ command ).
T}

cp	CP	T{
per\-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage.  (see
.BR %cpu ).
T}

cputime	TIME	T{
cumulative CPU time, "[DD\-]hh:mm:ss" format.  (alias
.BR time ).
T}

cputimes	TIME	T{
cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias
.BR times ).
T}

cuc	%CUC	T{
The CPU utilization of a process, including dead children, in an extended "##.###" format.
(see also
.BR %cpu ,
.BR c ,
.BR cp ,
.BR cuu ,
.BR pcpu ).
T}

cuu	%CUU	T{
The CPU utilization of a process in an extended "##.###" format.
(see also
.BR %cpu ,
.BR c ,
.BR cp ,
.BR cuc ,
.BR pcpu ).
T}

drs	DRS	T{
data resident set size, the amount of physical memory devoted to other than
executable code.
T}

egid	EGID	T{
effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer.  (alias
.BR gid ).
T}

egroup	EGROUP	T{
effective group ID of the process.  This will be the textual group ID, if it
can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
otherwise.  (alias
.BR group ).
T}

eip	EIP	T{
instruction pointer.
T}

esp	ESP	T{
stack pointer.
T}

etime	ELAPSED	T{
elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[DD\-]hh:]mm:ss.
T}

etimes	ELAPSED	T{
elapsed time since the process was started, in seconds.
T}

euid	EUID	T{
effective user ID (alias
.BR uid ).
T}

euser	EUSER	T{
effective user name.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained
and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.  The
.B n
option can be used to force the decimal representation.  (alias
.BR uname , \  user ).
T}

exe	EXE	T{
path to the executable. Useful if path cannot be printed via
.BR cmd ", " comm
or
.BR args
format options.
T}

f	F	T{
flags associated with the process, see the
.B PROCESS FLAGS
section.  (alias
.BR flag , \ flags ).
T}

fgid	FGID	T{
filesystem access group\ ID.  (alias
.BR fsgid ).
T}

fgroup	FGROUP	T{
filesystem access group ID.  This will be the textual group ID, if it can
be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
otherwise.  (alias
.BR fsgroup ).
T}

flag	F	T{
see
.BR f .
(alias
.BR f , \ flags ).
T}

flags	F	T{
see
.BR f .
(alias
.BR f , \ flag ).
T}

fname	COMMAND	T{
first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file.  The output
in this column may contain spaces.
T}

fuid	FUID	T{
filesystem access user ID.  (alias
.BR fsuid ).
T}

fuser	FUSER	T{
filesystem access user ID.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be
obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
T}

gid	GID	T{
see
.BR egid .
(alias
.BR egid ).
T}

group	GROUP	T{
see
.BR egroup .
(alias
.BR egroup ).
T}

ignored	IGNORED	T{
mask of the ignored signals, see
.IR signal (7).
According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal
format is displayed.  (alias
.BR sig_ignore , \ sigignore ).
T}

ipcns	IPCNS	T{
Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
See
.IR namespaces (7).
T}

label	LABEL	T{
security label, most commonly used for SELinux context data.  This is for
the
.I Mandatory Access Control
("MAC") found on high\-security systems.
T}

lstart	STARTED	T{
time the command started.  See also
.BR bsdstart , \ start , \ start_time ", and" \ stime .
T}

lsession	SESSION	T{
displays the login session identifier of a process,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

luid	LUID	T{
displays Login ID associated with a process.
T}

lwp	LWP	T{
light weight process (thread) ID of the dispatchable entity (alias
.BR spid , \ tid ).
See
.B tid
for additional information.
T}

lxc	LXC	T{
The name of the lxc container within which a task is running.
If a process is not running inside a container, a dash ('\-') will be shown.
T}

machine	MACHINE	T{
displays the machine name for processes assigned to VM or container,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

maj_flt	MAJFLT	T{
The number of major page faults that have occurred with this process.
T}

min_flt	MINFLT	T{
The number of minor page faults that have occurred with this process.
T}

mntns	MNTNS	T{
Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
See
.IR namespaces (7).
T}

netns	NETNS	T{
Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
See
.IR namespaces (7).
T}

ni	NI	T{
nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not nice to others),
see
.IR nice (1).
(alias
.BR nice ).
T}

nice	NI	T{
see
.BR ni .  (alias
.BR ni ).
T}

nlwp	NLWP	T{
number of lwps (threads) in the process.  (alias
.BR thcount ).
T}

numa	NUMA	T{
The node associated with the most recently used processor.
A \fI\-1\fR means that NUMA information is unavailable.
T}

nwchan	WCHAN	T{
address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use
.B wchan
if you want the kernel function name).
T}

oom	OOM	T{
Out of Memory Score. The value, ranging from 0 to +1000, used to select
task(s) to kill when memory is exhausted.
T}

oomadj	OOMADJ	T{
Out of Memory Adjustment Factor. The value is added to the current out of
memory score which is then used to determine which task to kill when memory
is exhausted.
T}

ouid	OWNER	T{
displays the Unix user identifier of the owner of the session of a process,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

pcpu	%CPU	T{
see
.BR %cpu .
(alias
.BR %cpu ).
T}

pending	PENDING	T{
mask of the pending signals. See
.IR signal (7).
Signals pending on the process are distinct from signals pending on
individual threads.  Use the
.B m
option or the
.B \-m
option to see both.  According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits
mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.  (alias
.BR sig ).
T}

pgid	PGID	T{
process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the process group
leader.  (alias
.BR pgrp ).
T}

pgrp	PGRP	T{
see
.BR pgid .
(alias
.BR pgid ).
T}

pid	PID	T{
a number representing the process ID (alias
.BR tgid ).
T}

pidns	PIDNS	T{
Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
See
.IR namespaces (7).
T}

pmem	%MEM	T{
see
.BR %mem .
(alias
.BR %mem ).
T}

policy	POL	T{
scheduling class of the process.  (alias
.BR class , \ cls ).
Possible values are:
.IP "" 2
\-	not reported
.br
TS	SCHED_OTHER
.br
FF	SCHED_FIFO
.br
RR	SCHED_RR
.br
B	SCHED_BATCH
.br
ISO	SCHED_ISO
.br
IDL	SCHED_IDLE
.br
DLN	SCHED_DEADLINE
.br
?	unknown value
T}

ppid	PPID	T{
parent process ID.
T}

pri	PRI	T{
priority of the process.  Higher number means higher priority.
T}

psr	PSR	T{
processor that process last executed on.
T}

pss	PSS	T{
Proportional share size, the non-swapped physical memory, with shared memory
proportionally accounted to all tasks mapping it.
T}

rbytes	RBYTES	T{
Number of bytes which this process really did cause to be fetched from the storage layer.
T}

rchars	RCHARS	T{
Number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage.
T}

rgid	RGID	T{
real group ID.
T}

rgroup	RGROUP	T{
real group name.  This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained
and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
T}

rops	ROPS	T{
Number of read I/O operations—that is, system calls such as
.BR read "(2) and " pread (2).
T}

rss	RSS	T{
resident set size, the non\-swapped physical memory that a task has used (in
kiloBytes).  (alias
.BR rssize , \ rsz ).
T}

rssize	RSS	T{
see
.BR rss .
(alias
.BR rss , \ rsz ).
T}

rsz	RSZ	T{
see
.BR rss .
(alias
.BR rss , \ rssize ).
T}

rtprio	RTPRIO	T{
realtime priority.
T}

ruid	RUID	T{
real user ID.
T}

ruser	RUSER	T{
real user ID.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and
the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
T}

s	S	T{
minimal state display (one character).  See section
.B PROCESS STATE CODES
for the different values.  See also
.B stat
if you want additional information displayed.  (alias
.BR state ).
T}

sched	SCH	T{
scheduling policy of the process.  The policies SCHED_OTHER (SCHED_NORMAL),
SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_ISO, SCHED_IDLE and SCHED_DEADLINE are
respectively displayed as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
T}

seat	SEAT	T{
displays the identifier associated with all hardware devices assigned
to a specific workplace,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

sess	SESS	T{
session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the session leader.  (alias
.BR session , \ sid ).
T}

sgi_p	P	T{
processor that the process is currently executing on.  Displays "*" if the
process is not currently running or runnable.
T}

sgid	SGID	T{
saved group ID.  (alias
.BR svgid ).
T}

sgroup	SGROUP	T{
saved group name.  This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained
and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
T}

sid	SID	T{
see
.BR sess .
(alias
.BR sess , \ session ).
T}

sig	PENDING	T{
see
.BR pending .
(alias
.BR pending , \ sig_pend ).
T}

sigcatch	CAUGHT	T{
see
.BR caught .
(alias
.BR caught , \ sig_catch ).
T}

sigignore	IGNORED	T{
see
.BR ignored .
(alias
.BR ignored , \ sig_ignore ).
T}

sigmask	BLOCKED	T{
see
.BR blocked .
(alias
.BR blocked , \ sig_block ).
T}

size	SIZE	T{
approximate amount of swap space that would be required if the process were
to dirty all writable pages and then be swapped out.  This number is very
rough!
T}

slice	SLICE	T{
displays the slice unit which a process belongs to,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

spid	SPID	T{
see
.BR lwp .
(alias
.BR lwp , \ tid ).
T}

stackp	STACKP	T{
address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process.
T}

start	STARTED	T{
time the command started.  If the process was started less than 24 hours ago,
the output format is "HH:MM:SS", else it is "\ \ Mmm\ dd" (where Mmm is a
three\-letter month name).  See also
.BR lstart , \ bsdstart , \ start_time ", and" \ stime .
T}

start_time	START	T{
starting time or date of the process.  Only the year will be displayed if the
process was not started the same year
.B ps
was invoked, or "MmmDD" if it was not started the same day, or "HH:MM"
otherwise.  See also
.BR bsdstart , \ start , \ lstart ", and" \ stime .
T}

stat	STAT	T{
multi\-character process state.  See section
.B PROCESS STATE CODES
for the different values meaning.  See also
.BR s \ and \ state
if you just want the first character displayed.
T}

state	S	T{
see
.BR s ". (alias" \ s ).
T}

stime	STIME	T{
see \fBstart_time\fR. (alias \fBstart_time\fR).
T}

suid	SUID	T{
saved user ID.  (alias
.BR svuid ).
T}

supgid	SUPGID	T{
group ids of supplementary groups, if any.  See
.BR getgroups (2).
T}

supgrp	SUPGRP	T{
group names of supplementary groups, if any.  See
.BR getgroups (2).
T}

suser	SUSER	T{
saved user name.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and
the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.  (alias
.BR svuser ).
T}

svgid	SVGID	T{
see
.BR sgid .
(alias
.BR sgid ).
T}

svuid	SVUID	T{
see
.BR suid .
(alias
.BR suid ).
T}

sz	SZ	T{
size in physical pages of the core image of the process.  This includes text,
data, and stack space.  Device mappings are currently excluded; this is
subject to change.  See
.BR vsz \ and \ rss .
T}

tgid	TGID	T{
a number representing the thread group to which a task belongs (alias
.BR pid ).
It is the process ID of the thread group leader.
T}

thcount	THCNT	T{
see
.BR nlwp .
(alias
.BR nlwp ).
number of kernel threads owned by the process.
T}

tid	TID	T{
the unique number representing a dispatchable entity (alias
.BR lwp , \ spid ).
This value may also appear as: a process ID (pid); a process group ID (pgrp);
a session ID for the session leader (sid); a thread group ID for the thread
group leader (tgid); and a tty process group ID for the process group leader
(tpgid).
T}

time	TIME	T{
cumulative CPU\ time, "[DD\-]HH:MM:SS" format.  (alias
.BR cputime ).
T}

times	TIME	T{
cumulative CPU\ time in seconds (alias
.BR cputimes ).
T}

tname	TTY	T{
controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
.BR tt , \ tty ).
T}

tpgid	TPGID	T{
ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that the process is
connected to, or \-1 if the process is not connected to a tty.
T}

trs	TRS	T{
text resident set size, the amount of physical memory devoted to executable code.
T}

tt	TT	T{
controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
.BR tname , \ tty ).
T}

tty	TT	T{
controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
.BR tname , \ tt ).
T}

ucmd	CMD	T{
see
.BR comm .
(alias
.BR comm , \ ucomm ).
T}

ucomm	COMMAND	T{
see
.BR comm .
(alias
.BR comm , \ ucmd ).
T}

uid	UID	T{
see
.BR euid .
(alias
.BR euid ).
T}

uname	USER	T{
see
.BR euser .
(alias
.BR euser , \ user ).
T}

unit	UNIT	T{
displays unit which a process belongs to,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

user	USER	T{
see
.BR euser .
(alias
.BR euser , \ uname ).
T}

userns	USERNS	T{
Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
See
.IR namespaces (7).
T}

uss	USS	T{
Unique set size, the non-swapped physical memory, which
is not shared with an another task.
T}

utsns	UTSNS	T{
Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
See
.IR namespaces (7).
T}

uunit	UUNIT	T{
displays user unit which a process belongs to,
if systemd support has been included.
T}

vsize	VSZ	T{
see
.BR vsz .
(alias
.BR vsz ).
T}

vsz	VSZ	T{
virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024\-byte units).  Device
mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change.  (alias
.BR vsize ).
T}

wbytes	WBYTES	T{
Number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to the storage layer.
T}

wcbytes	WCBYTES	T{
Number of cancelled write bytes.
T}

wchan	WCHAN	T{
name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping.
T}

wchars	WCHARS	T{
Number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written to disk.
T}

wops	WOPS	T{
Number of write I/O operations—that is, system calls such as
.BR write "(2) and " pwrite (2).
T}

.TE
.\" #######################################################################
.PP
.PP
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
The following environment variables could affect
.BR ps :
.TP 3
.B COLUMNS
Override default display width.
.TP
.B LINES
Override default display height.
.TP
.B PS_PERSONALITY
Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...  (see section
.B PERSONALITY
below).
.TP
.B CMD_ENV
Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...  (see section
.B PERSONALITY
below).
.TP
.B I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS
Force obsolete command line interpretation.
.TP
.B LC_TIME
Date format.
.TP
.B LIBPROC_HIDE_KERNEL
Set this to any value to hide kernel threads normally displayed with the
.B -e
option. This is equivalent to selecting
.B --ppid 2 -p 2 --deselect
instead. Also works in BSD mode.
.TP
.B PS_COLORS
Not currently supported.
.TP
.B PS_FORMAT
Default output format override. You may set this to a format
string of the type used for the
.B \-o
option.
The
.B DefSysV
and
.B DefBSD
values are particularly useful.
.TP
.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
.TP
.B POSIX2
When set to "on", acts as
.BR POSIXLY_CORRECT .
.TP
.B UNIX95
Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
.TP
.B _XPG
Cancel \fBCMD_ENV\fR=\fIirix\fR non\-standard behavior.
.PP
In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables.  The one exception is
.B CMD_ENV
or
.BR PS_PERSONALITY ,
which could be set to Linux for normal systems.  Without that setting,
.B ps
follows the useless and bad parts of the Unix98 standard.
.PP
.SH "PERSONALITY"
.TS
l	l.
390	like the OS/390 OpenEdition \fBps\fR
aix	like AIX \fBps\fR
bsd	like FreeBSD \fBps\fR (totally non\-standard)
compaq	like Digital Unix \fBps\fR
debian	like the old Debian \fBps\fR
digital	like Tru64 (was Digital\ Unix, was OSF/1) \fBps\fR
gnu	like the old Debian \fBps\fR
hp	like HP\-UX \fBps\fR
hpux	like HP\-UX \fBps\fR
irix	like Irix \fBps\fR
linux	***** \fBrecommended\fR *****
old	like the original Linux \fBps\fR (totally non\-standard)
os390	like OS/390 Open Edition \fBps\fR
posix	standard
s390	like OS/390 Open Edition \fBps\fR
sco	like SCO \fBps\fR
sgi	like Irix \fBps\fR
solaris2	like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) \fBps\fR
sunos4	like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) \fBps\fR (totally non\-standard)
svr4	standard
sysv	standard
tru64	like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) \fBps\fR
unix	standard
unix95	standard
unix98	standard
.TE
.PP
.PP
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR pgrep (1),
.BR pstree (1),
.BR top (1),
.BR proc (5).
.PP
.PP
.SH STANDARDS
This
.B ps
conforms to:
.PP
.PD 0
.IP 1 4
Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification
.IP 2 4
The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue\ 6
.IP 3 4
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004\ Edition
.IP 4 4
X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP\ XSI]
.IP 5 4
ISO/IEC 9945:2003
.PD
.PP
.SH AUTHOR
.B ps
was originally written by
.UR lankeste@\:fwi.\:uva.\:nl
Branko Lankester
.UE .
.UR johnsonm@\:redhat.\:com
Michael K. Johnson
.UE
re\-wrote it significantly to use the proc filesystem, changing a few things
in the process.
.UR mjshield@\:nyx.\:cs.\:du.\:edu
Michael Shields
.UE
added the pid\-list feature.
.UR cblake@\:bbn.\:com
Charles Blake
.UE
added multi\-level sorting, the dirent\-style library, the device
name\-to\-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search directly on
System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups.  David Mossberger\-Tang
wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate.
.UR albert@\:users.\:sf.\:net
Albert Cahalan
.UE
rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for
obsolete and foreign syntax.
.PP
Please send bug reports to
.UR procps@\:freelists.\:org
.UE .
No subscription is required or suggested.