procps/proc/readproc.c

/*
 * New Interface to Process Table -- PROCTAB Stream (a la Directory streams)
 * Copyright (C) 1996 Charles L. Blake.
 * Copyright (C) 1998 Michael K. Johnson
 * Copyright 1998-2003 Albert Cahalan
 * May be distributed under the conditions of the
 * GNU Library General Public License; a copy is in COPYING
 */
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
#include "version.h"
#include "readproc.h"
#include "alloc.h"
#include "pwcache.h"
#include "devname.h"
#include "procps.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/dir.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#ifdef FLASK_LINUX
#include <fs_secure.h>
#endif

// sometimes it's easier to do this manually, w/o gcc helping
#ifdef PROF
extern void __cyg_profile_func_enter(void*,void*);
#define ENTER(x) __cyg_profile_func_enter((void*)x,(void*)x)
#define LEAVE(x) __cyg_profile_func_exit((void*)x,(void*)x)
#else
#define ENTER(x)
#define LEAVE(x)
#endif

static int task_dir_missing;

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

typedef struct status_table_struct {
    unsigned char name[6];        // /proc/*/status field name
    short len;                    // name length
#ifdef LABEL_OFFSET
    long offset;                  // jump address offset
#else
    void *addr;
#endif
} status_table_struct;

#ifdef LABEL_OFFSET
#define F(x) {#x, sizeof(#x)-1, (long)(&&case_##x-&&base)},
#else
#define F(x) {#x, sizeof(#x)-1, &&case_##x},
#endif
#define NUL  {"", 0, 0},

// Derived from:
// gperf -7 --language=ANSI-C --key-positions=1,3,4 -C -n -c sml.gperf

static void status2proc(char *S, proc_t *restrict P, int is_proc){
    char ShdPnd[16] = "";
    static const unsigned char asso[] = {
        56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56,
        56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56,
        56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56,
        56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 15, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56,
        56, 56, 25, 30, 15,  3, 56,  5, 56,  3, 56, 56,  3, 56, 10, 56,
        18, 56, 13,  0, 30, 25,  0, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56,
        56, 30, 56,  8,  0,  0, 56, 25, 56,  5, 56, 56, 56,  0, 56, 56,
        56, 56, 56, 56,  0, 56, 56, 56,  0, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56
    };
    static const status_table_struct table[] = {
        F(VmStk)
        NUL
        NUL
        F(VmExe)
        NUL
        F(VmSize)
        NUL
        NUL
        F(VmLib)
        NUL
        F(Name)
        F(VmLck)
        NUL
        F(VmRSS)
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        F(ShdPnd)
        NUL
        F(Gid)
        NUL
        NUL
        F(PPid)
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        F(SigIgn)
        NUL
        F(State)
        NUL
        NUL
        F(Pid)
        NUL
        F(Tgid)
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        F(Uid)
        NUL
        NUL
        F(SigPnd)
        NUL
        F(VmData)
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        F(SigBlk)
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        F(SigCgt)
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
        NUL
    };

#undef F
#undef NUL

ENTER(0x220);

    P->vm_size = 0;
    P->vm_lock = 0;
    P->vm_rss  = 0;
    P->vm_data = 0;
    P->vm_stack= 0;
    P->vm_exe  = 0;
    P->vm_lib  = 0;

    goto base;

    for(;;){
        char *colon;
        status_table_struct entry;

        // advance to next line
        S = strchr(S, '\n');
        if(unlikely(!S)) break;  // if no newline
        S++;

        // examine a field name (hash and compare)
    base:
        if(unlikely(!*S)) break;
        entry = table[63 & (asso[S[3]] + asso[S[2]] + asso[S[0]])];
        colon = strchr(S, ':');
        if(unlikely(!colon)) break;
        if(unlikely(colon[1]!='\t')) break;
        if(unlikely(colon-S != entry.len)) continue;
        if(unlikely(memcmp(entry.name,S,colon-S))) continue;

        S = colon+2; // past the '\t'

#ifdef LABEL_OFFSET
        goto *(&&base + entry.offset);
#else
        goto *entry.addr;
#endif

    case_Gid:
        P->rgid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        P->egid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        P->sgid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        P->fgid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_Name:{
        unsigned u = 0;
        while(u < sizeof P->cmd - 1u){
            int c = *S++;
            if(unlikely(c=='\n')) break;
            if(unlikely(c=='\0')) break; // should never happen
            if(unlikely(c=='\\')){
                c = *S++;
                if(c=='\n') break; // should never happen
                if(!c)      break; // should never happen
                if(c=='n') c='\n'; // else we assume it is '\\'
            }
            P->cmd[u++] = c;
        }
        P->cmd[u] = '\0';
        S--;   // put back the '\n' or '\0'
        continue;
    }
    case_PPid:
        P->ppid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_Pid:
        P->tid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;

    case_ShdPnd:
        memcpy(P->signal, S, 16);
        P->signal[16] = '\0';
        continue;
    case_SigBlk:
        memcpy(P->blocked, S, 16);
        P->blocked[16] = '\0';
        continue;
    case_SigCgt:
        memcpy(P->sigcatch, S, 16);
        P->sigcatch[16] = '\0';
        continue;
    case_SigIgn:
        memcpy(P->sigignore, S, 16);
        P->sigignore[16] = '\0';
        continue;
    case_SigPnd:
        memcpy(P->signal, S, 16);
        P->signal[16] = '\0';
        continue;

    case_State:
        P->state = *S;
        continue;
    case_Tgid:
        P->tgid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_Uid:
        P->ruid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        P->euid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        P->suid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        P->fuid = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmData:
        P->vm_data = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmExe:
        P->vm_exe = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmLck:
        P->vm_lock = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmLib:
        P->vm_lib = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmRSS:
        P->vm_rss = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmSize:
        P->vm_size = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    case_VmStk:
        P->vm_stack = strtol(S,&S,10);
        continue;
    }

    // recent kernels supply per-tgid pending signals
    if(is_proc && *ShdPnd){
	memcpy(P->signal, ShdPnd, 16);
	P->signal[16] = '\0';
    }

LEAVE(0x220);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Reads /proc/*/stat files, being careful not to trip over processes with
// names like ":-) 1 2 3 4 5 6".
static void stat2proc(const char* S, proc_t *restrict P) {
    unsigned num;
    char* tmp;

ENTER(0x160);

    /* fill in default values for older kernels */
    P->exit_signal = SIGCHLD;
    P->processor = 0;
    P->rtprio = -1;
    P->sched = -1;

    S = strchr(S, '(') + 1;
    tmp = strrchr(S, ')');
    num = tmp - S;
    if(unlikely(num >= sizeof P->cmd)) num = sizeof P->cmd - 1;
    memcpy(P->cmd, S, num);
    P->cmd[num] = '\0';
    S = tmp + 2;                 // skip ") "

    num = sscanf(S,
       "%c "
       "%d %d %d %d %d "
       "%lu %lu %lu %lu %lu "
       "%Lu %Lu %Lu %Lu "  /* utime stime cutime cstime */
       "%ld %ld %ld %ld "
       "%Lu "  /* start_time */
       "%lu "
       "%ld "
       "%lu %"KLF"u %"KLF"u %"KLF"u %"KLF"u %"KLF"u "
       "%*s %*s %*s %*s " /* discard, no RT signals & Linux 2.1 used hex */
       "%"KLF"u %lu %lu "
       "%d %d "
       "%lu %lu",
       &P->state,
       &P->ppid, &P->pgrp, &P->session, &P->tty, &P->tpgid,
       &P->flags, &P->min_flt, &P->cmin_flt, &P->maj_flt, &P->cmaj_flt,
       &P->utime, &P->stime, &P->cutime, &P->cstime,
       &P->priority, &P->nice, &P->timeout, &P->it_real_value,
       &P->start_time,
       &P->vsize,
       &P->rss,
       &P->rss_rlim, &P->start_code, &P->end_code, &P->start_stack, &P->kstk_esp, &P->kstk_eip,
/*     P->signal, P->blocked, P->sigignore, P->sigcatch,   */ /* can't use */
       &P->wchan, &P->nswap, &P->cnswap,
/* -- Linux 2.0.35 ends here -- */
       &P->exit_signal, &P->processor,  /* 2.2.1 ends with "exit_signal" */
/* -- Linux 2.2.8 to 2.5.17 end here -- */
       &P->rtprio, &P->sched  /* both added to 2.5.18 */
    );
LEAVE(0x160);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void statm2proc(const char* s, proc_t *restrict P) {
    int num;
    num = sscanf(s, "%ld %ld %ld %ld %ld %ld %ld",
	   &P->size, &P->resident, &P->share,
	   &P->trs, &P->lrs, &P->drs, &P->dt);
/*    fprintf(stderr, "statm2proc converted %d fields.\n",num); */
}

static int file2str(const char *directory, const char *what, char *ret, int cap) {
    static char filename[80];
    int fd, num_read;

    sprintf(filename, "%s/%s", directory, what);
    fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY, 0);
    if(unlikely(fd==-1)) return -1;
    num_read = read(fd, ret, cap - 1);
    close(fd);
    if(unlikely(num_read<=0)) return -1;
    ret[num_read] = '\0';
    return num_read;
}

static char** file2strvec(const char* directory, const char* what) {
    char buf[2048];	/* read buf bytes at a time */
    char *p, *rbuf = 0, *endbuf, **q, **ret;
    int fd, tot = 0, n, c, end_of_file = 0;
    int align;

    sprintf(buf, "%s/%s", directory, what);
    fd = open(buf, O_RDONLY, 0);
    if(fd==-1) return NULL;

    /* read whole file into a memory buffer, allocating as we go */
    while ((n = read(fd, buf, sizeof buf - 1)) > 0) {
	if (n < (int)(sizeof buf - 1))
	    end_of_file = 1;
	if (n == 0 && rbuf == 0)
	    return NULL;	/* process died between our open and read */
	if (n < 0) {
	    if (rbuf)
		free(rbuf);
	    return NULL;	/* read error */
	}
	if (end_of_file && buf[n-1])		/* last read char not null */
	    buf[n++] = '\0';			/* so append null-terminator */
	rbuf = xrealloc(rbuf, tot + n);		/* allocate more memory */
	memcpy(rbuf + tot, buf, n);		/* copy buffer into it */
	tot += n;				/* increment total byte ctr */
	if (end_of_file)
	    break;
    }
    close(fd);
    if (n <= 0 && !end_of_file) {
	if (rbuf) free(rbuf);
	return NULL;		/* read error */
    }
    endbuf = rbuf + tot;			/* count space for pointers */
    align = (sizeof(char*)-1) - ((tot + sizeof(char*)-1) & (sizeof(char*)-1));
    for (c = 0, p = rbuf; p < endbuf; p++)
    	if (!*p)
	    c += sizeof(char*);
    c += sizeof(char*);				/* one extra for NULL term */

    rbuf = xrealloc(rbuf, tot + c + align);	/* make room for ptrs AT END */
    endbuf = rbuf + tot;			/* addr just past data buf */
    q = ret = (char**) (endbuf+align);		/* ==> free(*ret) to dealloc */
    *q++ = p = rbuf;				/* point ptrs to the strings */
    endbuf--;					/* do not traverse final NUL */
    while (++p < endbuf) 
    	if (!*p)				/* NUL char implies that */
	    *q++ = p+1;				/* next string -> next char */

    *q = 0;					/* null ptr list terminator */
    return ret;
}

// warning: interface may change
int read_cmdline(char *restrict const dst, unsigned sz, unsigned pid){
    char name[32];
    int fd;
    unsigned n = 0;
    dst[0] = '\0';
    snprintf(name, sizeof name, "/proc/%u/cmdline", pid);
    fd = open(name, O_RDONLY);
    if(fd==-1) return 0;
    for(;;){
        ssize_t r = read(fd,dst+n,sz-n);
        if(r==-1){
            if(errno==EINTR) continue;
            break;
        }
        n += r;
        if(n==sz) break; // filled the buffer
        if(r==0) break;  // EOF
    }
    close(fd);
    if(n){
        int i;
        if(n==sz) n--;
        dst[n] = '\0';
        i=n;
        while(i--){
            int c = dst[i];
            if(c<' ' || c>'~') dst[i]=' ';
        }
    }
    return n;
}

/* These are some nice GNU C expression subscope "inline" functions.
 * The can be used with arbitrary types and evaluate their arguments
 * exactly once.
 */

/* Test if item X of type T is present in the 0 terminated list L */
#   define XinL(T, X, L) ( {			\
	    T  x = (X), *l = (L);		\
	    while (*l && *l != x) l++;		\
	    *l == x;				\
	} )

/* Test if item X of type T is present in the list L of length N */
#   define XinLN(T, X, L, N) ( {		\
	    T x = (X), *l = (L);		\
	    int i = 0, n = (N);			\
	    while (i < n && l[i] != x) i++;	\
	    i < n && l[i] == x;			\
	} )

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This reads process info from /proc in the traditional way, for one process.
// The pid (tgid? tid?) is already in p, and a path to it in path, with some
// room to spare.
static proc_t* simple_readproc(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict const p) {
    static struct stat sb;		// stat() buffer
    static char sbuf[1024];	// buffer for stat,statm
    char *restrict const path = PT->path;
    unsigned flags = PT->flags;

    if (unlikely(stat(path, &sb) == -1))	/* no such dirent (anymore) */
	goto next_proc;

    if ((flags & PROC_UID) && !XinLN(uid_t, sb.st_uid, PT->uids, PT->nuid))
	goto next_proc;			/* not one of the requested uids */

    p->euid = sb.st_uid;			/* need a way to get real uid */
    p->egid = sb.st_gid;			/* need a way to get real gid */

    if (flags & PROC_FILLSTAT) {         /* read, parse /proc/#/stat */
	if (unlikely( file2str(path, "stat", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) == -1 ))
	    goto next_proc;			/* error reading /proc/#/stat */
	stat2proc(sbuf, p);				/* parse /proc/#/stat */
    }

    if (unlikely(flags & PROC_FILLMEM)) {	/* read, parse /proc/#/statm */
	if (likely( file2str(path, "statm", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) != -1 ))
	    statm2proc(sbuf, p);		/* ignore statm errors here */
    }						/* statm fields just zero */

    if (flags & PROC_FILLSTATUS) {         /* read, parse /proc/#/status */
       if (likely( file2str(path, "status", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) != -1 )){
           status2proc(sbuf, p, 1);
       }
    }

    /* some number->text resolving which is time consuming */
    if (flags & PROC_FILLUSR){
	strncpy(p->euser,   user_from_uid(p->euid), sizeof p->euser);
        if(flags & PROC_FILLSTATUS) {
            strncpy(p->ruser,   user_from_uid(p->ruid), sizeof p->ruser);
            strncpy(p->suser,   user_from_uid(p->suid), sizeof p->suser);
            strncpy(p->fuser,   user_from_uid(p->fuid), sizeof p->fuser);
        }
    }

    /* some number->text resolving which is time consuming */
    if (flags & PROC_FILLGRP){
        strncpy(p->egroup, group_from_gid(p->egid), sizeof p->egroup);
        if(flags & PROC_FILLSTATUS) {
            strncpy(p->rgroup, group_from_gid(p->rgid), sizeof p->rgroup);
            strncpy(p->sgroup, group_from_gid(p->sgid), sizeof p->sgroup);
            strncpy(p->fgroup, group_from_gid(p->fgid), sizeof p->fgroup);
        }
    }

    if ((flags & PROC_FILLCOM) || (flags & PROC_FILLARG))	/* read+parse /proc/#/cmdline */
	p->cmdline = file2strvec(path, "cmdline");
    else
        p->cmdline = NULL;

    if (unlikely(flags & PROC_FILLENV))			/* read+parse /proc/#/environ */
	p->environ = file2strvec(path, "environ");
    else
        p->environ = NULL;
    
    return p;
next_proc:
    return NULL;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This reads /proc/*/task/* data, for one task.
// p is the POSIX process (task group summary) (not needed by THIS implementation)
// t is the POSIX thread (task group member, generally not the leader)
// path is a path to the task, with some room to spare.
static proc_t* simple_readtask(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, const proc_t *restrict const p, proc_t *restrict const t, char *restrict const path) {
    static struct stat sb;		// stat() buffer
    static char sbuf[1024];	// buffer for stat,statm
    unsigned flags = PT->flags;

    if (unlikely(stat(path, &sb) == -1))	/* no such dirent (anymore) */
	goto next_task;

//    if ((flags & PROC_UID) && !XinLN(uid_t, sb.st_uid, PT->uids, PT->nuid))
//	goto next_task;			/* not one of the requested uids */

    t->euid = sb.st_uid;			/* need a way to get real uid */
    t->egid = sb.st_gid;			/* need a way to get real gid */

    if (flags & PROC_FILLSTAT) {         /* read, parse /proc/#/stat */
	if (unlikely( file2str(path, "stat", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) == -1 ))
	    goto next_task;			/* error reading /proc/#/stat */
	stat2proc(sbuf, t);				/* parse /proc/#/stat */
    }

    if (unlikely(flags & PROC_FILLMEM)) {	/* read, parse /proc/#/statm */
#if 0
	if (likely( file2str(path, "statm", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) != -1 ))
	    statm2proc(sbuf, t);		/* ignore statm errors here */
#else
	t->size     = p->size;
	t->resident = p->resident;
	t->share    = p->share;
	t->trs      = p->trs;
	t->lrs      = p->lrs;
	t->drs      = p->drs;
	t->dt       = p->dt;
#endif
    }						/* statm fields just zero */

    if (flags & PROC_FILLSTATUS) {         /* read, parse /proc/#/status */
       if (likely( file2str(path, "status", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) != -1 )){
           status2proc(sbuf, t, 0);
       }
    }

    /* some number->text resolving which is time consuming */
    if (flags & PROC_FILLUSR){
	strncpy(t->euser,   user_from_uid(t->euid), sizeof t->euser);
        if(flags & PROC_FILLSTATUS) {
            strncpy(t->ruser,   user_from_uid(t->ruid), sizeof t->ruser);
            strncpy(t->suser,   user_from_uid(t->suid), sizeof t->suser);
            strncpy(t->fuser,   user_from_uid(t->fuid), sizeof t->fuser);
        }
    }

    /* some number->text resolving which is time consuming */
    if (flags & PROC_FILLGRP){
        strncpy(t->egroup, group_from_gid(t->egid), sizeof t->egroup);
        if(flags & PROC_FILLSTATUS) {
            strncpy(t->rgroup, group_from_gid(t->rgid), sizeof t->rgroup);
            strncpy(t->sgroup, group_from_gid(t->sgid), sizeof t->sgroup);
            strncpy(t->fgroup, group_from_gid(t->fgid), sizeof t->fgroup);
        }
    }

#if 0
    if ((flags & PROC_FILLCOM) || (flags & PROC_FILLARG))	/* read+parse /proc/#/cmdline */
	t->cmdline = file2strvec(path, "cmdline");
    else
        t->cmdline = NULL;

    if (unlikely(flags & PROC_FILLENV))			/* read+parse /proc/#/environ */
	t->environ = file2strvec(path, "environ");
    else
        t->environ = NULL;
#else
    t->cmdline = p->cmdline;  // better not free these until done with all threads!
    t->environ = p->environ;
#endif

    return t;
next_task:
    return NULL;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This finds processes in /proc in the traditional way.
// Return non-zero on success.
static int simple_nextpid(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict const p) {
  static struct direct *ent;		/* dirent handle */
  char *restrict const path = PT->path;
  for (;;) {
    ent = readdir(PT->procfs);
    if(unlikely(unlikely(!ent) || unlikely(!ent->d_name))) return 0;
    if(likely( likely(*ent->d_name > '0') && likely(*ent->d_name <= '9') )) break;
  }
  p->tgid = strtoul(ent->d_name, NULL, 10);
  p->tid = p->tgid;
  memcpy(path, "/proc/", 6);
  strcpy(path+6, ent->d_name);  // trust /proc to not contain evil top-level entries
  return 1;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This finds tasks in /proc/*/task/ in the traditional way.
// Return non-zero on success.
static int simple_nexttid(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, const proc_t *restrict const p, proc_t *restrict const t, char *restrict const path) {
  static struct direct *ent;		/* dirent handle */
  (void)p;
  if(!PT->taskdir){
    // use "path" as some tmp space
    snprintf(path, PROCPATHLEN, "%s/task", PT->path);
    PT->taskdir = opendir(path);
    if(!PT->taskdir) return 0;
  }
  for (;;) {
    ent = readdir(PT->taskdir);
    if(unlikely(unlikely(!ent) || unlikely(!ent->d_name))) return 0;
    if(likely( likely(*ent->d_name > '0') && likely(*ent->d_name <= '9') )) break;
  }
  t->tid = strtoul(ent->d_name, NULL, 10);
  t->tgid = p->tgid;
  t->ppid = p->ppid;  // cover for kernel behavior? we want both actually...?
  snprintf(path, PROCPATHLEN, "%s/task/%s", PT->path, ent->d_name);
  return 1;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This "finds" processes in a list that was given to openproc().
// Return non-zero on success. (tgid was handy)
static int listed_nextpid(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict const p) {
  char *restrict const path = PT->path;
  pid_t tgid = *(PT->pids)++;
  if(likely( tgid )){
    snprintf(path, PROCPATHLEN, "/proc/%d", tgid);
    p->tgid = tgid;
    p->tid = tgid;  // they match for leaders
  }
  return tgid;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This "finds" processes by guessing every possible one of them!
// Return non-zero on success. (pid was handy)
#if 0
static int stupid_nextpid(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict const p) {
  char *restrict const path = PT->path;
  pid_t pid = --PT->u;
  if(likely( pid )){
    snprintf(path, PROCPATHLEN, "/proc/%d", pid);
    p->pid = pid;
  }
  return pid;
}
#endif

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This reads process info from proc_t structs already attached to a PROCTAB.
// Yeah, we don't retain any pointer for freeing the memory later. Oh well.
// This code is for development only.
#if 0
static proc_t* predone_readproc(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict const p) {
  proc_t *tmp;
  proc_t *ret = NULL;
  for(;;){
    tmp = PT->vp;
    if(!tmp) _exit(49);  // can't happen
    PT->vp = tmp->next;
    if(tmp->pid == tmp->tgid){   // got a leader?
      memcpy(p,tmp,sizeof(proc_t));  // copy it, pointers and all
      ret = p;
      break;
    }
  }
  if(!ret) _exit(99); // can't happen
  while(PT->vp){
    tmp = PT->vp;
    if(tmp->pid == tmp->tgid) break;  // OK, next one is a leader
    PT->vp = tmp->next;
  }
  return ret;
}
#endif

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This "finds" processes by pulling them off of a list.
// Return non-zero on success.
#if 0
static int predone_nextpid(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict const p) {
  (void)p;
  return !!PT->vp;
}
#endif

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* readproc: return a pointer to a proc_t filled with requested info about the
 * next process available matching the restriction set.  If no more such
 * processes are available, return a null pointer (boolean false).  Use the
 * passed buffer instead of allocating space if it is non-NULL.  */

/* This is optimized so that if a PID list is given, only those files are
 * searched for in /proc.  If other lists are given in addition to the PID list,
 * the same logic can follow through as for the no-PID list case.  This is
 * fairly complex, but it does try to not to do any unnecessary work.
 */
proc_t* readproc(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, proc_t *restrict p) {
  proc_t *ret;
  proc_t *saved_p;

  if (PT->did_fake) PT->did_fake=0;
  if (PT->taskdir) {
    closedir(PT->taskdir);
    PT->taskdir = NULL;
  }

  saved_p = p;
  if(!p) p = xcalloc(p, sizeof *p); /* passed buf or alloced mem */

  for(;;){
    // fills in the path, plus p->tid and p->tgid
    if (unlikely(! PT->finder(PT,p) )) goto out;

    // go read the process data
    ret = PT->reader(PT,p);
    if(ret) return ret;
  }

out:
  if(!saved_p) free(p);
  // FIXME: maybe set tid to -1 here, for "-" in display?
  return NULL;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// readtask: return a pointer to a proc_t filled with requested info about the
// next task available.  If no more such tasks are available, return a null
// pointer (boolean false).  Use the passed buffer instead of allocating
// space if it is non-NULL.
proc_t* readtask(PROCTAB *restrict const PT, const proc_t *restrict const p, proc_t *restrict t) {
  static char path[PROCPATHLEN];       // must hold /proc/2000222000/task/2000222000/cmdline
  proc_t *ret;
  proc_t *saved_t;

  saved_t = t;
  if(!t) t = xcalloc(t, sizeof *t); /* passed buf or alloced mem */

  if(task_dir_missing){  // got to fake a thread for old kernels
    if(PT->did_fake) goto out;
    PT->did_fake=1;
    memcpy(t,p,sizeof(proc_t));
    return t;
  }

  for(;;){
    // fills in the path, plus t->tid and t->tgid
    if (unlikely(! PT->taskfinder(PT,p,t,path) )) goto out;  // simple_nexttid

    // go read the task data
    ret = PT->taskreader(PT,p,t,path);          // simple_readtask
    if(ret) return ret;
  }

out:
  if(!saved_t) free(t);
  return NULL;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#if 0
static void evil_grouping_hack(PROCTAB* PT){
  proc_t *tp;
  // first we read them
  for(;;){
    tp = malloc(sizeof(proc_t));
    if(!tp) _exit(2);
    if(!readproc(PT, tp)){
      free(tp);
      break;
    }
    tp->ring = tp;
    tp->next = PT->vp;
    PT->vp   = tp;
  }
  // now we scan
  tp = PT->vp;
  while(tp){
    if(tp->pid == tp->tgid){  // if we found a leader
      proc_t *tmp = PT->vp;
      while(tmp){
        if(tmp != tp && tmp->tgid == tp->tgid){
          tmp->ring = tp->ring;
          tp->ring = tmp;
        }
        tmp = tmp->next;
      }
    }
    tp = tp->next;
  }
  // later, readproc returns what we already have
  PT->finder = predone_nextpid;
  PT->reader = predone_readproc;
}
#endif

// initiate a process table scan
PROCTAB* openproc(int flags, ...) {
    va_list ap;
    struct stat sbuf;
    static int did_stat;
    PROCTAB* PT = xmalloc(sizeof(PROCTAB));

    if(!did_stat){
      task_dir_missing = stat("/proc/self/task", &sbuf);
      did_stat = 1;
    }
    PT->taskdir = NULL;
    PT->taskfinder = simple_nexttid;
    PT->taskreader = simple_readtask;

    PT->reader = simple_readproc;
    if (flags & PROC_PID){
      PT->procfs = NULL;
      PT->finder = listed_nextpid;
    }else{
      PT->procfs = opendir("/proc");
      if(!PT->procfs) return NULL;
      PT->finder = simple_nextpid;
    }
    PT->flags = flags;

#if 0
    if(getenv("EVIL_FINDER_HACK")){  // for development only
      PT->finder = stupid_nextpid;
      PT->u = 10000;
    }
#endif

    va_start(ap, flags);		/*  Init args list */
    if (flags & PROC_PID)
    	PT->pids = va_arg(ap, pid_t*);
    else if (flags & PROC_UID) {
    	PT->uids = va_arg(ap, uid_t*);
	PT->nuid = va_arg(ap, int);
    }
    va_end(ap);				/*  Clean up args list */

#if 0
    if(getenv("EVIL_GROUPING_HACK")) evil_grouping_hack(PT);
#endif

    return PT;
}

// terminate a process table scan
void closeproc(PROCTAB* PT) {
    if (PT){
        if (PT->procfs) closedir(PT->procfs);
        if (PT->taskdir) closedir(PT->taskdir);
        free(PT);
    }
}

// deallocate the space allocated by readproc if the passed rbuf was NULL
void freeproc(proc_t* p) {
    if (!p)	/* in case p is NULL */
	return;
    /* ptrs are after strings to avoid copying memory when building them. */
    /* so free is called on the address of the address of strvec[0]. */
    if (p->cmdline)
	free((void*)*p->cmdline);
    if (p->environ)
	free((void*)*p->environ);
    free(p);
}


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void look_up_our_self(proc_t *p) {
    char sbuf[1024];

    if(file2str("/proc/self", "stat", sbuf, sizeof sbuf) == -1){
        fprintf(stderr, "Error, do this: mount -t proc none /proc\n");
        _exit(47);
    }
    stat2proc(sbuf, p);    // parse /proc/self/stat
}

HIDDEN_ALIAS(readproc);

/* Convenient wrapper around openproc and readproc to slurp in the whole process
 * table subset satisfying the constraints of flags and the optional PID list.
 * Free allocated memory with exit().  Access via tab[N]->member.  The pointer
 * list is NULL terminated.
 */
proc_t** readproctab(int flags, ...) {
    PROCTAB* PT = NULL;
    proc_t** tab = NULL;
    int n = 0;
    va_list ap;

    va_start(ap, flags);		/* pass through args to openproc */
    if (flags & PROC_UID) {
	/* temporary variables to ensure that va_arg() instances
	 * are called in the right order
	 */
	uid_t* u;
	int i;

	u = va_arg(ap, uid_t*);
	i = va_arg(ap, int);
	PT = openproc(flags, u, i);
    }
    else if (flags & PROC_PID)
	PT = openproc(flags, va_arg(ap, void*)); /* assume ptr sizes same */
    else
	PT = openproc(flags);
    va_end(ap);
    do {					/* read table: */
	tab = xrealloc(tab, (n+1)*sizeof(proc_t*));/* realloc as we go, using */
	tab[n] = readproc_direct(PT, NULL);     /* final null to terminate */
    } while (tab[n++]);				  /* stop when NULL reached */
    closeproc(PT);
    return tab;
}