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procps/proc/pids.h
Jim Warner 96d59cbf46 library: add item origin (as comments) to header files 
A lack of documentation seems to be the major obstacle
to releasing this new library. So, in an effort to get
the ball rolling again, this patch adds the origins of
each item as a comment to six of the new header files.

However, before reviewing how such changes may benefit
that documentation objective, it seemed appropriate to
first reflect on newlib's background & current status.

___________________________________________ BACKGROUND
Discussions about and work on a new library began back
in July 2012 but quickly died. After a lull of 2 years
those discussions were resumed in August 2014 but soon
died also (and no code survived the gitorious demise).

With those early discussions, the recommended approach
was to encapsulate all of the libprocps data offerings
in individual functions. When it came to extensibility
it was suggested we should rely on symbols versioning.

Unfortunately that approach would have made for a huge
Application Programming Interface virtually impossible
to master or even document. And, runtime call overhead
would have been substantial for ps and especially top.

So, an alternative design was sought but there were no
new suggestions/contributions via freelists or gitlab.
Thus, in spite of a lack of library design experience,
the procps-ng team (Craig & Jim) set out to develop an
alternative API, more concise and with lower overhead.

Reference(s):
. 07/01/2012, begin library design discussion
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/Old-library-calls
. 08/12/2014, revival of library design discussion
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/libprocs-redesign

_____________________________________ DESIGN EVOLUTION
Our newlib branch first appeared on June 14, 2015. And
our current API actually represents the 4th generation
during the past 3 years of evolution. First, there was
a basic 'new', 'get' and 'unref' approach, using enums
to minimize the proliferation of 'get' function calls.

Then, in anticipation of other programs like ps, where
multiple fields times multiple processes would greatly
increase the number of 'get' function calls, a concept
of 'chains' was introduced. This became generation #2.

Such 'chains' proved unnecessarily complex so 'stacks'
replaced them. This was considered the 3rd generation,
but too many implementation details were still exposed
requiring those users to 'alloc', 'read', 'fill', etc.

Finally, a 4th generation emerged representing several
refinements to standardize and minimize those exported
functions, thus hiding all implementation details from
the users. Lastly, handling of 'errno' was normalized.

Reference(s):
. 06/14/2015, revival of new API discussion
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/The-library-API-again
. 06/24/2015, birth of the newlib branch
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/new-library
. 06/29/2015, 2nd generation introduced 'chains'
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/new-library,8
. 07/22/2015, 3rd generation introduced 'stacks'
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/newlib-stacks-vs-chains
. 06/18/2016, 4th generation refinements begin
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/newlib-generation-35
. 11/10/2017, 4th generation standardized 'errno'
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/some-more-master-newlib-stuff

_______________________________________ CURRENT DESIGN
Central to this new design is a simple 'result' struct
reflecting an item plus its value (thanks to a union).
As a user option, these item structures can be grouped
into 'stacks', yielding many results with just 1 call.
Such a 'stack' can be seen as a variable length record
whose content/order is determined solely by the users.

Within that 'result' structure, the union has standard
C language types so there is never a doubt how a value
should be used in a printf statement. Given that linux
requires a least a 32-bit platform the only difference
in capacity surrounds 'long' integers. And, where such
types might be used, the 32-bit maximums are adequate.

The items themselves are simply enumerators defined in
the respective header files. A user can name any items
of interest then the library magically provides result
structure(s). The approach was proven to be extensible
without breaking the ABI (in commit referenced below).

The 6 major APIs each provide for the following calls:
. 'new' ---------> always required as the first call .
. 'ref' -------------------------> strictly optional .
. 'unref' --------> optional, if ill-behaved program .
. 'get' --------------------> retrieve a single item .
. 'select' ----------------> retrieve multiple items .

And the 'get' and 'select' functions provide for delta
results representing the difference between successive
get/select calls (or a 'new' then  'get/select' call).

For the <diskstats>, <pids>, <slabinfo> & <stat> APIs,
where results are unpredictable, a 'reap' function can
return multiple result structures for multiple stacks.

The <pids> API differs from others in that those items
of interest must be provided at 'new' or 'reset' time,
a function unique to this API. And the <pids> 'select'
function requires PIDs or UIDs which are to be fetched
which then operates as a subset of 'reap'. Lastly, the
'get' function is an iterator for successive PIDs/TIDs
returning items previously identified via 'new/reset'.

To provide assistance to users during development, the
special header 'proc/xtra-procps-debug.h' is available
to check type usage against library expectations. That
check is activated by including this header explicitly
or via build using: ./configure '-DXTRA_PROCPS_DEBUG'.

Reference(s):
. 08/05/2016, type validation introduced
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/newlib-types-validation
commit e3270d463d
. 08/11/2016, extensibility while preserving ABI example
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/new-meminfo-fields
commit 09e1886c9e

_________________________ INITIAL DOCUMENTATION EFFORT
The initial attempt, referenced below, dealt primarily
with the <pids> interface. Separate man pages for each
exported function were created. Plus there was another
document describing the items, among other miscellany.

Adopting such an approach encounters several problems:

1. In order to use these man pages, users are required
to already know how to use the library. Or alternately
one could randomly search each of them while trying to
ascertain which function call satisfies their need and
what exactly was the proper compliment/order required.

2. While we can explain what all of those <pids> items
represent, that certainly isn't true for all the APIs.
See the gaps in kernel documentation for <meminfo> and
complete lack of documentation with that <vmstat> API.

3. Our documentation effort should take pains to avoid
unnecessary implementation details. Here's an example:
. "The pointer to info will have memory"
. "allocated and a structure created."

Alternatively, the following conveys user requirements
while not offering any internal implementation detail:
. "You must provide the address of a NULL"
. "info structure pointer."

Reference(s):
. 01/04/2017, initial documentation offering
https://www.freelists.org/post/procps/Using-reap-and-get
commit 2598e9f2ce

___________________ RECOMMENDED DOCUMENTATION APPROACH
I recommend that the newlib documentation consist of 3
man pages only. The first would cover the 5 major APIs
and their common functions. The second would deal with
the <pids> API exclusively, explaining how it differs.
Any remaining exported libproc functions which are yet
to be included could be represented in a 3rd document.

For these new documents the following are are assumed:

1. Since we will not be able to document all items, we
shouldn't try to document any items. We should instead
rely on proc(5) or Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.

2. Program development often involves referencing some
header file(s). So, make that an absolute requirement.

3. With the addition of item origins, represented with
this commit, and considering that 'types' were already
present, the header file might be all some users need.

4. And who knows, when a user of our libproc complains
about gaps in their documentation, it might prompt the
kernel folks to correct those long standing omissions.

To summarize, I suggest that we replace that libproc.3
document with a more general one explaining the basics
of accessing this new library and the common calls for
most of the major interfaces. We can then create a new
document (libproc-pids.3?), which explains differences
in using the <PIDS> application programming interface.
A final document (libproc-misc.3?) covers what's left.

Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
2019-01-03 08:06:48 +11:00

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/*
* libprocps - Library to read proc filesystem
*
* Copyright (C) 1998-2005 Albert Cahalan
* Copyright (C) 2015 Craig Small <csmall@enc.com.au>
* Copyright (C) 2015 Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
* version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#ifndef PROCPS_PIDS_H
#define PROCPS_PIDS_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
enum pids_item {
PIDS_noop, // ( never altered )
PIDS_extra, // ( reset to zero )
// returns origin, see proc(5)
// ------- -------------------
PIDS_ADDR_END_CODE, // ul_int stat
PIDS_ADDR_KSTK_EIP, // ul_int stat
PIDS_ADDR_KSTK_ESP, // ul_int stat
PIDS_ADDR_START_CODE, // ul_int stat
PIDS_ADDR_START_STACK, // ul_int stat
PIDS_CGNAME, // str cgroup
PIDS_CGROUP, // str cgroup
PIDS_CGROUP_V, // strv cgroup
PIDS_CMD, // str stat or status
PIDS_CMDLINE, // str cmdline
PIDS_CMDLINE_V, // strv cmdline
PIDS_ENVIRON, // str environ
PIDS_ENVIRON_V, // strv environ
PIDS_EXE, // str exe
PIDS_EXIT_SIGNAL, // s_int stat
PIDS_FLAGS, // ul_int stat
PIDS_FLT_MAJ, // ul_int stat
PIDS_FLT_MAJ_C, // ul_int stat
PIDS_FLT_MAJ_DELTA, // s_int stat
PIDS_FLT_MIN, // ul_int stat
PIDS_FLT_MIN_C, // ul_int stat
PIDS_FLT_MIN_DELTA, // s_int stat
PIDS_ID_EGID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_EGROUP, // str [ EGID based, see: getgrgid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_EUID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_EUSER, // str [ EUID based, see: getpwuid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_FGID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_FGROUP, // str [ FGID based, see: getgrgid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_FUID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_FUSER, // str [ FUID based, see: getpwuid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_LOGIN, // s_int loginuid
PIDS_ID_PGRP, // s_int stat
PIDS_ID_PID, // s_int as: /proc/<pid>
PIDS_ID_PPID, // s_int stat or status
PIDS_ID_RGID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_RGROUP, // str [ RGID based, see: getgrgid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_RUID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_RUSER, // str [ RUID based, see: getpwuid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_SESSION, // s_int stat
PIDS_ID_SGID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_SGROUP, // str [ SGID based, see: getgrgid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_SUID, // u_int status
PIDS_ID_SUSER, // str [ SUID based, see: getpwuid(3) ]
PIDS_ID_TGID, // s_int status
PIDS_ID_TID, // s_int as: /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>
PIDS_ID_TPGID, // s_int stat
PIDS_LXCNAME, // str cgroup
PIDS_MEM_CODE, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_CODE_PGS, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_DATA, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_DATA_PGS, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_RES, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_RES_PGS, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_SHR, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_SHR_PGS, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_VIRT, // ul_int statm
PIDS_MEM_VIRT_PGS, // ul_int statm
PIDS_NICE, // s_int stat
PIDS_NLWP, // s_int stat or status
PIDS_NS_IPC, // ul_int ns/
PIDS_NS_MNT, // ul_int ns/
PIDS_NS_NET, // ul_int ns/
PIDS_NS_PID, // ul_int ns/
PIDS_NS_USER, // ul_int ns/
PIDS_NS_UTS, // ul_int ns/
PIDS_OOM_ADJ, // s_int oom_score_adj
PIDS_OOM_SCORE, // s_int oom_score
PIDS_PRIORITY, // s_int stat
PIDS_PROCESSOR, // u_int stat
PIDS_PROCESSOR_NODE, // s_int stat
PIDS_RSS, // ul_int stat
PIDS_RSS_RLIM, // ul_int stat
PIDS_RTPRIO, // s_int stat
PIDS_SCHED_CLASS, // s_int stat
PIDS_SD_MACH, // str [ PID/TID based, see: sd-login(3) ]
PIDS_SD_OUID, // str "
PIDS_SD_SEAT, // str "
PIDS_SD_SESS, // str "
PIDS_SD_SLICE, // str "
PIDS_SD_UNIT, // str "
PIDS_SD_UUNIT, // str "
PIDS_SIGBLOCKED, // str status
PIDS_SIGCATCH, // str status
PIDS_SIGIGNORE, // str status
PIDS_SIGNALS, // str status
PIDS_SIGPENDING, // str status
PIDS_STATE, // s_ch stat or status
PIDS_SUPGIDS, // str status
PIDS_SUPGROUPS, // str [ SUPGIDS based, see: getgrgid(3) ]
PIDS_TICS_ALL, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_ALL_C, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_ALL_DELTA, // s_int stat
PIDS_TICS_BLKIO, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_GUEST, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_GUEST_C, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_SYSTEM, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_SYSTEM_C, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_USER, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TICS_USER_C, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TIME_ALL, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TIME_ELAPSED, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TIME_START, // ull_int stat
PIDS_TTY, // s_int stat
PIDS_TTY_NAME, // str stat
PIDS_TTY_NUMBER, // str stat
PIDS_VM_DATA, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_EXE, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_LIB, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_RSS, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_RSS_ANON, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_RSS_FILE, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_RSS_LOCKED, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_RSS_SHARED, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_SIZE, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_STACK, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_SWAP, // ul_int status
PIDS_VM_USED, // ul_int status
PIDS_VSIZE_PGS, // ul_int stat
PIDS_WCHAN_NAME // str wchan
};
enum pids_fetch_type {
PIDS_FETCH_TASKS_ONLY,
PIDS_FETCH_THREADS_TOO
};
enum pids_select_type {
PIDS_SELECT_PID = 0x1000,
PIDS_SELECT_UID = 0x4000
};
enum pids_sort_order {
PIDS_SORT_ASCEND = +1,
PIDS_SORT_DESCEND = -1
};
struct pids_result {
enum pids_item item;
union {
signed char s_ch;
signed int s_int;
unsigned int u_int;
unsigned long ul_int;
unsigned long long ull_int;
char *str;
char **strv;
} result;
};
struct pids_stack {
struct pids_result *head;
};
struct pids_counts {
int total;
int running, sleeping, stopped, zombied, other;
};
struct pids_fetch {
struct pids_counts *counts;
struct pids_stack **stacks;
};
#define PIDS_VAL( relative_enum, type, stack, info ) \
stack -> head [ relative_enum ] . result . type
struct pids_info;
int procps_pids_new (struct pids_info **info, enum pids_item *items, int numitems);
int procps_pids_ref (struct pids_info *info);
int procps_pids_unref (struct pids_info **info);
struct pids_stack *fatal_proc_unmounted (
struct pids_info *info,
int return_self);
struct pids_stack *procps_pids_get (
struct pids_info *info,
enum pids_fetch_type which);
struct pids_fetch *procps_pids_reap (
struct pids_info *info,
enum pids_fetch_type which);
int procps_pids_reset (
struct pids_info *info,
enum pids_item *newitems,
int newnumitems);
struct pids_fetch *procps_pids_select (
struct pids_info *info,
unsigned *these,
int numthese,
enum pids_select_type which);
struct pids_stack **procps_pids_sort (
struct pids_info *info,
struct pids_stack *stacks[],
int numstacked,
enum pids_item sortitem,
enum pids_sort_order order);
#ifdef XTRA_PROCPS_DEBUG
# include <proc/xtra-procps-debug.h>
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
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