2294 lines
87 KiB
Groff
2294 lines
87 KiB
Groff
.ig
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. manual page for NEW and IMPROVED linux top
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.
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. Copyright (c) 2002-2014, by: James C. Warner
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. All rights reserved. 8921 Hilloway Road
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. Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55347 USA
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.
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. This file may be copied under the terms of the GNU Public License.
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..
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\# Setup ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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\# ** Comment out '.nr' or set to 0 to eliminate WIDTH fiddlin' !
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.nr half_xtra 4
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.
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.ll +(\n[half_xtra] + \n[half_xtra])
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.
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\# Commonly used strings (for consistency) ----------
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\# - our em-dashes
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.ds Em \fR\ \-\-\ \fR
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.ds EM \fB\ \-\-\ \fR
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\# - our program name (makes great grammar)
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.ds We top
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.ds WE \fBtop\fR
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\# - other misc strs for consistent usage
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.ds F \fIOff\fR
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.ds O \fIOn\fR
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.
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.ds AK asterisk (`*')
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.ds AM alternate\-display mode
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.ds AS auxiliary storage
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.ds CF configuration file
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.ds CG `current' window/field group
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.ds CI interactive command
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\# - Note: our 'Command Line' used in 2 places
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\# ( and managed to fit in an 80x24 terminal )
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.ds CL \-\fBhv\fR|\-\fBbcHiOSs\fR \-\fBd\fR secs \-\fBn\fR max \
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\-\fBu\fR|\fBU\fR user \-\fBp\fR pid \-\fBo\fR fld \-\fBw\fR [cols] \fR
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.ds CO command\-line option
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.ds CT command toggle
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.ds CW `current' window
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.ds FG field group
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.ds FM full\-screen mode
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.ds KA arrow key
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.ds KS scrolling key
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.ds MP physical memory
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.ds MS shared memory
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.ds MV virtual memory
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.ds NT \fBNote\fR:
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.ds PU CPU
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.ds Pu cpu
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.ds SA summary area
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.ds TA task area
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.ds TD task display
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.ds TT \fBprocesses\fR or \fBthreads\fR
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.ds TW task window
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\# Reference to the various widths/sizes ------------
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\# - the max screen width limit
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.ds WX 512
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\# - the header width w/ all fields
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.ds WF approximately 250
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\# - pid monitoring limit
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.ds WP 20
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\# Xref's that depend on/mention other stuff --------
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.ds Xa see
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.ds XC See the
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.ds Xc see the
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.ds XT See topic
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.ds Xt see topic
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.
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.\" Document /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.TH TOP 1 "April 2014" "procps-ng" "User Commands"
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH NAME
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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top \- display Linux processes
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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\*(WE \*(CL
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The traditional switches `\-' and whitespace are optional.
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The \*(WE program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system.
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It can display\fB system\fR summary information as well as a list of
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\*(TT currently being managed by the Linux kernel.
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The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and
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size of information displayed for processes are all user configurable
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and that configuration can be made persistent across restarts.
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The program provides a limited interactive interface for process
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manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal
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configuration \*(Em encompassing every aspect of its operation.
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And while \*(WE is referred to throughout this document, you are free
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to name the program anything you wish.
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That new name, possibly an alias, will then be reflected on \*(We's
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display and used when reading and writing a \*(CF.
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH OVERVIEW
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ......................................................................
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.SS Documentation
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The remaining Table of Contents
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.nf
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1. COMMAND\-LINE Options
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2. SUMMARY Display
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a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages
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b. TASK and CPU States
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c. MEMORY Usage
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3. FIELDS / Columns Display
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a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields
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b. MANAGING Fields
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4. INTERACTIVE Commands
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a. GLOBAL Commands
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b. SUMMARY AREA Commands
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c. TASK AREA Commands
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1. Appearance
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2. Content
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3. Size
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4. Sorting
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d. COLOR Mapping
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5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions
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a. WINDOWS Overview
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b. COMMANDS for Windows
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c. SCROLLING a Window
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d. SEARCHING in a Window
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e. FILTERING in a Window
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6. FILES
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a. SYSTEM Configuration File
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b. PERSONAL Configuration File
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c. ADDING INSPECT Entries
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7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler
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a. Kernel Magic
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b. Bouncing Windows
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c. The Big Bird Window
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d. The Ol' Switcheroo
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8. BUGS, 9. HISTORY Former top, 10. AUTHOR, 11. SEE Also
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.fi
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.\" ......................................................................
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.SS Operation
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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When operating \*(We, the two most important keys are the help (h or ?)
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key and quit ('q') key.
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Alternatively, you could simply use the traditional interrupt key (^C)
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when you're done.
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When started for the first time, you'll be presented with these traditional
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elements on the main \*(We screen: 1) Summary Area; 2) Fields/Columns Header;
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3) Task Area.
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Each of these will be explored in the sections that follow.
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There is also an Input/Message line between the Summary Area and Columns
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Header which needs no further explanation.
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The main \*(We screen is \fIgenerally\fR quite adaptive to changes in
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terminal dimensions under X-Windows.
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Other \*(We screens may be less so, especially those with static text.
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It ultimately depends, however, on your particular window manager and
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terminal emulator.
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There may be occasions when their view of terminal size and current contents
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differs from \*(We's view, which is always based on operating system calls.
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Following any re-size operation, if a \*(We screen is corrupted, appears
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incomplete or disordered, simply typing something innocuous like a
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punctuation character or cursor motion key will usually restore it.
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In extreme cases, the following sequence almost certainly will:
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.nf
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\fIkey/cmd objective \fR
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^Z \fBsuspend\fR \*(We
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fg \fBresume\fR \*(We
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<Left> force a screen \fBredraw\fR (if necessary)
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.fi
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But if the display is still corrupted, there is one more step you could try.
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Insert this command after \*(We has been suspended but before resuming it.
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.nf
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\fIkey/cmd objective \fR
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reset restore your \fBterminal settings\fR
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.fi
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\*(NT the width of \*(We's display will be limited to \*(WX positions.
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Displaying all fields requires \*(WF characters.
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Remaining screen width is usually allocated to any variable width columns
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currently visible.
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The variable width columns, such as COMMAND, are noted in topic
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3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields.
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Actual output width may also be influenced by the \-w switch, which is
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discussed in topic 1. COMMAND\-LINE Options.
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Lastly, some of \*(We's screens or functions require the use of cursor
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motion keys like the standard \*(KAs plus the Home, End, PgUp and PgDn keys.
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If your terminal or emulator does not provide those keys, the following
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combinations are accepted as alternatives:
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.nf
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\fI key equivalent-key-combinations \fR
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Up alt +\fB \\\fR or alt +\fB k \fR
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Down alt +\fB /\fR or alt +\fB j \fR
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Left alt +\fB <\fR or alt +\fB h \fR
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Right alt +\fB >\fR or alt +\fB l \fR(lower case L)
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PgUp alt +\fB Up\fR or alt + ctrl +\fB k \fR
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PgDn alt +\fB Down\fR or alt + ctrl +\fB j \fR
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Home alt +\fB Left\fR or alt + ctrl +\fB h \fR
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End alt +\fB Right\fR or alt + ctrl +\fB l \fR
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.fi
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The \fBUp\fR and \fBDown\fR \*(KAs have special significance when prompted
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for line input terminated with the <Enter> key.
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Those keys, or their aliases, can be used to retrieve previous input lines
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which can then be edited and re-input.
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And there are four additional keys available with line oriented input.
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.nf
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\fI key special-significance \fR
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Up recall \fBolder\fR strings for re-editing
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Down recall \fBnewer\fR strings or \fBerase\fR entire line
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Insert toggle between \fBinsert\fR and \fBovertype\fR modes
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Delete character \fBremoved\fR at cursor, moving others left
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Home jump to \fBbeginning\fR of input line
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End jump to \fBend\fR of input line
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.fi
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.\" ......................................................................
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.SS Startup Defaults
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The following startup defaults assume no \*(CF, thus no user customizations.
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Even so, items shown with an \*(AK could be overridden through the
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command-line.
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All are explained in detail in the sections that follow.
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.nf
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\fIGlobal-defaults\fR
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A \- Alt display Off (full-screen)
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* d \- Delay time 3.0 seconds
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* H \- Threads mode Off (summarize as tasks)
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I \- Irix mode On (no, `solaris' smp)
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* p \- PID monitoring Off (show all processes)
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* s \- Secure mode Off (unsecured)
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B \- Bold enable On (yes, bold globally)
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\fISummary-Area-defaults\fR
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l \- Load Avg/Uptime On (thus program name)
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t \- Task/Cpu states On (1+1 lines, see `1')
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m \- Mem/Swap usage On (2 lines worth)
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1 \- Single Cpu On (thus 1 line if smp)
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\fITask-Area-defaults\fR
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b \- Bold hilite On (not `reverse')
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* c \- Command line Off (name, not cmdline)
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* i \- Idle tasks On (show all tasks)
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J \- Num align right On (not left justify)
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j \- Str align right Off (not right justify)
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R \- Reverse sort On (pids high-to-low)
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* S \- Cumulative time Off (no, dead children)
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* u \- User filter Off (show euid only)
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* U \- User filter Off (show any uid)
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x \- Column hilite Off (no, sort field)
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y \- Row hilite On (yes, running tasks)
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z \- color/mono Off (no, colors)
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.fi
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH 1. COMMAND-LINE Options
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The command-line syntax for \*(We consists of:
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\*(CL
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The typically mandatory switch ('\-') and even whitespace are completely
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optional.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBh\fR | \-\fBv\fR\ \ :\fIHelp/Version \fR
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Show library version and the usage prompt, then quit.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBb\fR\ \ :\fIBatch-mode\fR operation \fR
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Starts \*(We in Batch mode, which could be useful for sending output
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from \*(We to other programs or to a file.
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In this mode, \*(We will not accept input and runs until the iterations
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limit you've set with the `\-n' \*(CO or until killed.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBc\fR\ \ :\fICommand-line/Program-name\fR toggle \fR
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Starts \*(We with the last remembered `c' state reversed.
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Thus, if \*(We was displaying command lines, now that field will show program
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names, and visa versa.
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\*(XC `c' \*(CI for additional information.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBd\fR\ \ :\fIDelay-time\fR interval as:\ \ \fB-d ss.t\fR (\fIsecs\fR.\fItenths\fR) \fR
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Specifies the delay between screen updates, and overrides the corresponding
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value in one's personal \*(CF or the startup default.
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Later this can be changed with the `d' or `s' \*(CIs.
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Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed.
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In all cases, however, such changes are prohibited if \*(We is running
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in Secure mode, except for root (unless the `s' \*(CO was used).
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For additional information on Secure mode \*(Xt 6a. SYSTEM Configuration File.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBH\fR\ \ :\fIThreads-mode\fR operation \fR
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Instructs \*(We to display individual threads.
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Without this \*(CO a summation of all threads in each process is shown.
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Later this can be changed with the `H' \*(CI.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBi\fR\ \ :\fIIdle-process\fR toggle \fR
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Starts \*(We with the last remembered `i' state reversed.
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When this toggle is \*F, tasks that have not used any \*(PU since the
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last update will not be displayed.
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For additional information regarding this toggle
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\*(Xt 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SIZE.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBn\fR\ \ :\fINumber-of-iterations\fR limit as:\fB\ \ \-n number \fR
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Specifies the maximum number of iterations, or frames, \*(We should
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produce before ending.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBo\fR\ \ :\fIOverride-sort-field\fR as:\fB\ \ \-o fieldname \fR
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Specifies the name of the field on which tasks will be sorted, independent
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of what is reflected in the configuration file.
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You can prepend a `+' or `\-' to the field name to also override the sort direction.
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A leading `+' will force sorting high to low, whereas a `\-' will ensure a low to high
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ordering.
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This option exists primarily to support automated/scripted batch mode
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operation.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBO\fR\ \ :\fIOutput-field-names \fR
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This option acts as a form of help for the above \-o option.
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It will cause \*(We to print each of the available field names on a
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separate line, then quit.
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Such names are subject to nls translation.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBp\fR\ \ :\fIMonitor-PIDs\fR mode as:\fB\ \ \-pN1 -pN2 ...\fR\ \ or\fB\ \ \-pN1,N2,N3 ... \fR
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Monitor only processes with specified process IDs.
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This option can be given up to \*(WP times, or you can provide a comma delimited
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list with up to \*(WP pids.
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Co-mingling both approaches is permitted.
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A pid value of zero will be treated as the process id of the \*(We program
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itself once it is running.
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This is a \*(CO only and should you wish to return to normal operation,
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it is not necessary to quit and restart \*(We \*(Em just issue any
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of these \*(CIs: `=', `u' or `U'.
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The `p', `u' and `U' \*(COs are mutually exclusive.
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.TP 5
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\-\fBs\fR\ \ :\fISecure-mode\fR operation \fR
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Starts \*(We with secure mode forced, even for root.
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This mode is far better controlled through the system \*(CF
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(\*(Xt 6. FILES).
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.TP 5
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\-\fBS\fR\ \ :\fICumulative-time\fR toggle \fR
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Starts \*(We with the last remembered `S' state reversed.
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|
When Cumulative time mode is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu
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time that it and its dead children have used.
|
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\*(XC `S' \*(CI for additional information regarding this mode.
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|
.TP 5
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|
\-\fBu\fR | \-\fBU\fR\ \ :\fIUser-filter-mode\fR as:\ \ \fB-u\fR | \fB-U number\fR or\fB name \fR
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Display only processes with a user id or user name matching that given.
|
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The `\-u' option matches on \fI effective\fR user whereas the `\-U' option
|
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matches on\fI any\fR user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem).
|
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Prepending an exclamation point ('!') to the user id or name instructs top
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to display only processes with users not matching the one provided.
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The `p', `u' and `U' \*(COs are mutually exclusive.
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|
.TP 5
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\-\fBw\fR\ \ :\fIOutput-width-override\fR as:\ \ \fB-w\fR [\fB number\fR ] \fR
|
|
In Batch mode, when used without an argument \*(We will format
|
|
output using the COLUMNS= and LINES= environment variables, if set.
|
|
Otherwise, width will be fixed at the maximum \*(WX columns.
|
|
With an argument, output width can be decreased or increased (up to \*(WX)
|
|
but the number of rows is considered unlimited.
|
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|
In normal display mode, when used without an argument \*(We will\fI attempt\fR
|
|
to format output using the COLUMNS= and LINES= environment variables, if set.
|
|
With an argument, output width can only be decreased, not increased.
|
|
Whether using environment variables or an argument with \-w, when\fI not\fR
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|
in Batch mode actual terminal dimensions can never be exceeded.
|
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\*(NT Without the use of this \*(CO, output width is always based on the
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terminal at which \*(We was invoked whether or not in Batch mode.
|
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 2. SUMMARY Display
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
Each of the following three areas are individually controlled through
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one or more \*(CIs.
|
|
\*(XT 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands for additional information regarding
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these provisions.
|
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.\" ......................................................................
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.SS 2a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages
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|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
This portion consists of a single line containing:
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|
.nf
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|
\fBprogram\fR or\fB window\fR name, depending on display mode
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|
current time and length of time since last boot
|
|
total number of users
|
|
system load avg over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes
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|
.fi
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|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 2b. TASK and CPU States
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|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
This portion consists of a minimum of two lines.
|
|
In an SMP environment, additional lines can reflect individual \*(PU
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state percentages.
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|
Line 1 shows total\fB tasks\fR or\fB threads\fR, depending on the state
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|
of the Threads-mode toggle.
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|
That total is further classified as:
|
|
.nf
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|
running; sleeping; stopped; zombie
|
|
.fi
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|
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|
Line 2 shows \*(PU state percentages based on the interval since the
|
|
last refresh. Where two labels are shown below, those for more recent
|
|
kernel versions are shown first.
|
|
.nf
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|
\fBus\fR,\fB user\fR : time running un-niced user processes
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|
\fBsy\fR,\fB system\fR : time running kernel processes
|
|
\fBni\fR,\fB nice\fR : time running niced user processes
|
|
\fBwa\fR,\fB IO-wait\fR : time waiting for I/O completion
|
|
\fBhi\fR : time spent servicing hardware interrupts
|
|
\fBsi\fR : time spent servicing software interrupts
|
|
\fBst\fR : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor
|
|
.fi
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|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 2c. MEMORY Usage
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
This portion consists of two lines which may express values in kibibytes (KiB)
|
|
through exbibytes (EiB) depending on the scaling factor enforced
|
|
with the `E' \*(CI.
|
|
|
|
Line 1 reflects \*(MP, classified as:
|
|
.nf
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|
total, used, free and buffers
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|
.fi
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|
|
|
Line 2 reflects mostly \*(MV, classified as:
|
|
.nf
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|
total, used, free and cached (which is \*(MP)
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|
.fi
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|
|
|
This table may help in interpreting the scaled values displayed:
|
|
.nf
|
|
KiB = kibibyte = 1024 bytes
|
|
MiB = mebibyte = 1024 KiB = 1,048,576 bytes
|
|
GiB = gibibyte = 1024 MiB = 1,073,741,824 bytes
|
|
TiB = tebibyte = 1024 GiB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
|
|
PiB = pebibyte = 1024 TiB = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
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EiB = exbibyte = 1024 PiB = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
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.fi
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH 3. FIELDS / Columns
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ......................................................................
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.SS 3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields
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.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Listed below are \*(We's available process fields (columns).
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They are shown in strict ascii alphabetical order.
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You may customize their position and whether or not they are displayable
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with the `f' or `F' (Fields Management) \*(CIs.
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Any field is selectable as the sort field, and you control whether they
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are sorted high-to-low or low-to-high.
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For additional information on sort provisions
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\*(Xt 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING.
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The fields related to \*(MP or \*(MV reference `(KiB)' as the default,
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unsuffixed display mode.
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Such fields can, however, be scaled differently via the `e' \*(CI.
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.TP 4
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1.\fB %CPU \*(Em \*(PU Usage \fR
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The task's share of the elapsed \*(PU time since the last screen update,
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expressed as a percentage of total \*(PU time.
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In a true SMP environment, if a process is multi-threaded and \*(We is
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\fInot\fR operating in Threads mode, amounts greater than 100% may be
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reported.
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You toggle Threads mode with the `H' \*(CI.
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Also for multi-processor environments, if Irix mode is \*F, \*(We
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will operate in Solaris mode where a task's \*(Pu usage will be
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divided by the total number of \*(PUs.
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You toggle Irix/Solaris modes with the `I' \*(CI.
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.TP 4
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2.\fB %MEM \*(Em Memory Usage (RES) \fR
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A task's currently used share of available \*(MP.
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.TP 4
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3.\fB CGROUPS \*(Em Control Groups \fR
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The names of the control group(s) to which a process belongs,
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or `\-' if not applicable for that process.
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Control Groups provide for allocating resources (cpu, memory, network
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bandwidth, etc.) among installation-defined groups of processes.
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They enable fine-grained control over allocating, denying, prioritizing,
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managing and monitoring those resources.
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Many different hierarchies of cgroups can exist simultaneously on a system
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and each hierarchy is attached to one or more subsystems.
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A subsystem represents a single resource.
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\*(NT The CGROUPS field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width.
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When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated
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all remaining screen width (up to the maximum \*(WX characters).
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Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.
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\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information on accessing
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any truncated data.
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.TP 4
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4.\fB CODE \*(Em Code Size (KiB) \fR
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The amount of \*(MP devoted to executable code, also known as
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the Text Resident Set size or TRS.
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.TP 4
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5.\fB COMMAND \*(Em Command\fB Name\fR or Command\fB Line \fR
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Display the command line used to start a task or the name of the associated
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program.
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You toggle between command\fI line\fR and\fI name\fR with `c', which is both
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a \*(CO and an \*(CI.
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When you've chosen to display command lines, processes without a command
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line (like kernel threads) will be shown with only the program name in
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brackets, as in this example:
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\fR[kthreadd]
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This field may also be impacted by the forest view display mode.
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\*(XC `V' \*(CI for additional information regarding that mode.
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\*(NT The COMMAND field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width.
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When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated
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all remaining screen width (up to the maximum \*(WX characters).
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Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.
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This is especially true for this field when command lines are being
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displayed (the `c' \*(CI.)
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\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information on accessing
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any truncated data.
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.TP 4
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6.\fB DATA \*(Em Data + Stack Size (KiB) \fR
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The amount of \*(MP devoted to other than executable code, also known as
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the Data Resident Set size or DRS.
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.TP 4
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7.\fB ENVIRON \*(Em Environment variables \fR
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Display all of the environment variables, if any, as seen by the
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respective processes.
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These variables will be displayed in their raw native order, not the
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sorted order you are accustomed to seeing with an unqualified `set'.
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\*(NT The ENVIRON field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width.
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When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated
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all remaining screen width (up to the maximum \*(WX characters).
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Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.
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This is especially true for this field.
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\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information on accessing
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any truncated data.
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.TP 4
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8.\fB Flags \*(Em Task Flags \fR
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This column represents the task's current scheduling flags which are
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expressed in hexadecimal notation and with zeros suppressed.
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These flags are officially documented in <linux/sched.h>.
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.TP 4
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9.\fB GID \*(Em Group Id \fR
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The\fI effective\fR group ID.
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.TP 4
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10.\fB GROUP \*(Em Group Name \fR
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The\fI effective\fR group name.
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.TP 4
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11.\fB NI \*(Em Nice Value \fR
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The nice value of the task.
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A negative nice value means higher priority, whereas a positive nice value
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means lower priority.
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Zero in this field simply means priority will not be adjusted in determining
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a task's dispatch-ability.
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.TP 4
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12.\fB P \*(Em Last used \*(PU (SMP) \fR
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A number representing the last used processor.
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In a true SMP environment this will likely change frequently since the kernel
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intentionally uses weak affinity.
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Also, the very act of running \*(We may break this weak affinity and cause more
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processes to change \*(PUs more often (because of the extra demand for
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\*(Pu time).
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.TP 4
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13.\fB PGRP \*(Em Process Group Id \fR
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Every process is member of a unique process group which is used for
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distribution of signals and by terminals to arbitrate requests for their
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input and output.
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When a process is created (forked), it becomes a member of the process
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group of its parent.
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By convention, this value equals the process ID (\*(Xa PID) of the first
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member of a process group, called the process group leader.
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.TP 4
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14.\fB PID \*(Em Process Id \fR
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The task's unique process ID, which periodically wraps, though never
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restarting at zero.
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In kernel terms, it is a dispatchable entity defined by a task_struct.
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This value may also be used as: a process group ID (\*(Xa PGRP);
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a session ID for the session leader (\*(Xa SID);
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a thread group ID for the thread group leader (\*(Xa TGID);
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and a TTY process group ID for the process group leader (\*(Xa TPGID).
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.TP 4
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15.\fB PPID \*(Em Parent Process Id \fR
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The process ID (pid) of a task's parent.
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.TP 4
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16.\fB PR \*(Em Priority \fR
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The scheduling priority of the task.
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If you see `rt' in this field, it means the task is running
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under real time scheduling priority.
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Under linux, real time priority is somewhat misleading since traditionally
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the operating itself was not preemptible.
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And while the 2.6 kernel can be made mostly preemptible, it is not always so.
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.TP 4
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17.\fB RES \*(Em Resident Memory Size (KiB) \fR
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The non-swapped \*(MP a task has used.
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.TP 4
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18.\fB RUID \*(Em Real User Id \fR
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The\fI real\fR user ID.
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.TP 4
|
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19.\fB RUSER \*(Em Real User Name \fR
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The\fI real\fR user name.
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.TP 4
|
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20.\fB S \*(Em Process Status \fR
|
|
The status of the task which can be one of:
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\fBD\fR = uninterruptible sleep
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\fBR\fR = running
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\fBS\fR = sleeping
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\fBT\fR = traced or stopped
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\fBZ\fR = zombie
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|
|
Tasks shown as running should be more properly thought of as ready to run
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\*(Em their task_struct is simply represented on the Linux run-queue.
|
|
Even without a true SMP machine, you may see numerous tasks in this state
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depending on \*(We's delay interval and nice value.
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.TP 4
|
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21.\fB SHR \*(Em Shared Memory Size (KiB) \fR
|
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The amount of \*(MS available to a task, not all of which is
|
|
typically resident.
|
|
It simply reflects memory that could be potentially shared with
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other processes.
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.TP 4
|
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22.\fB SID \*(Em Session Id \fR
|
|
A session is a collection of process groups (\*(Xa PGRP),
|
|
usually established by the login shell.
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A newly forked process joins the session of its creator.
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|
By convention, this value equals the process ID (\*(Xa PID) of the first
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member of the session, called the session leader, which is usually the
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login shell.
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.TP 4
|
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23.\fB SUID \*(Em Saved User Id \fR
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The\fI saved\fR user ID.
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.TP 4
|
|
24.\fB SUPGIDS \*(Em Supplementary Group IDs \fR
|
|
The IDs of any supplementary group(s) established at login or
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inherited from a task's parent.
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They are displayed in a comma delimited list.
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\*(NT The SUPGIDS field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width.
|
|
When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated
|
|
all remaining screen width (up to the maximum \*(WX characters).
|
|
Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.
|
|
\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information on accessing
|
|
any truncated data.
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.TP 4
|
|
25.\fB SUPGRPS \*(Em Supplementary Group Names \fR
|
|
The names of any supplementary group(s) established at login or
|
|
inherited from a task's parent.
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They are displayed in a comma delimited list.
|
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|
\*(NT The SUPGRPS field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width.
|
|
When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated
|
|
all remaining screen width (up to the maximum \*(WX characters).
|
|
Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.
|
|
\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information on accessing
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any truncated data.
|
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.TP 4
|
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26.\fB SUSER \*(Em Saved User Name \fR
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|
The\fI saved\fR user name.
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.TP 4
|
|
27.\fB SWAP \*(Em Swapped Size (KiB) \fR
|
|
The non-resident portion of a task's address space.
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.TP 4
|
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28.\fB TGID \*(Em Thread Group Id \fR
|
|
The ID of the thread group to which a task belongs.
|
|
It is the PID of the thread group leader.
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|
In kernel terms, it represents those tasks that share an mm_struct.
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.TP 4
|
|
29.\fB TIME \*(Em \*(PU Time \fR
|
|
Total \*(PU time the task has used since it started.
|
|
When Cumulative mode is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu
|
|
time that it and its dead children have used.
|
|
You toggle Cumulative mode with `S', which is both a \*(CO and an \*(CI.
|
|
\*(XC `S' \*(CI for additional information regarding this mode.
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.TP 4
|
|
30.\fB TIME+ \*(Em \*(PU Time, hundredths \fR
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|
The same as TIME, but reflecting more granularity through hundredths
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of a second.
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.TP 4
|
|
31.\fB TPGID \*(Em Tty Process Group Id \fR
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|
The process group ID of the foreground process for the connected tty,
|
|
or \-1 if a process is not connected to a terminal.
|
|
By convention, this value equals the process ID (\*(Xa PID) of the
|
|
process group leader (\*(Xa PGRP).
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
32.\fB TTY \*(Em Controlling Tty \fR
|
|
The name of the controlling terminal.
|
|
This is usually the device (serial port, pty, etc.) from which the
|
|
process was started, and which it uses for input or output.
|
|
However, a task need not be associated with a terminal, in which case
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|
you'll see `?' displayed.
|
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|
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.TP 4
|
|
33.\fB UID \*(Em User Id \fR
|
|
The\fI effective\fR user ID of the task's owner.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
34.\fB USED \*(Em Memory in Use (KiB) \fR
|
|
This field represents the non-swapped \*(MP a task has used (RES) plus
|
|
the non-resident portion of its address space (SWAP).
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
35.\fB USER \*(Em User Name \fR
|
|
The\fI effective\fR user name of the task's owner.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
36.\fB VIRT \*(Em Virtual Memory Size (KiB) \fR
|
|
The total amount of \*(MV used by the task.
|
|
It includes all code, data and shared libraries plus pages that have been
|
|
swapped out and pages that have been mapped but not used.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
37.\fB WCHAN \*(Em Sleeping in Function \fR
|
|
Depending on the availability of the kernel link map (System.map), this
|
|
field will show the name or the address of the kernel function in which the
|
|
task is currently sleeping.
|
|
Running tasks will display a dash ('\-') in this column.
|
|
|
|
By displaying this field, \*(We's own working set could be increased by over
|
|
700Kb, depending on the kernel version.
|
|
Should that occur, your only means of reducing that overhead will be to stop
|
|
and restart \*(We.
|
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|
|
.TP 4
|
|
38.\fB nDRT \*(Em Dirty Pages Count \fR
|
|
The number of pages that have been modified since they were last
|
|
written to \*(AS.
|
|
Dirty pages must be written to \*(AS before the corresponding physical
|
|
memory location can be used for some other virtual page.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
39.\fB nMaj \*(Em Major Page Fault Count \fR
|
|
The number of\fB major\fR page faults that have occurred for a task.
|
|
A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a
|
|
virtual page that is not currently present in its address space.
|
|
A major page fault is when \*(AS access is involved in making that
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|
page available.
|
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|
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.TP 4
|
|
40.\fB nMin \*(Em Minor Page Fault count \fR
|
|
The number of\fB minor\fR page faults that have occurred for a task.
|
|
A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a
|
|
virtual page that is not currently present in its address space.
|
|
A minor page fault does not involve \*(AS access in making that
|
|
page available.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
41.\fB nTH \*(Em Number of Threads \fR
|
|
The number of threads associated with a process.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
42.\fB nsIPC \*(Em IPC namespace \fR
|
|
The Inode of the namespace used to isolate interprocess communication (IPC)
|
|
resources such as System V IPC objects and POSIX message queues.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
43.\fB nsMNT \*(Em MNT namespace \fR
|
|
The Inode of the namespace used to isolate filesystem mount points thus
|
|
offering different views of the filesystem hierarchy.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
44.\fB nsNET \*(Em NET namespace \fR
|
|
The Inode of the namespace used to isolate resources such as network devices,
|
|
IP addresses, IP routing, port numbers, etc.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
45.\fB nsPID \*(Em PID namespace \fR
|
|
The Inode of the namespace used to isolate process ID numbers
|
|
meaning they need not remain unique.
|
|
Thus, each such namespace could have its own `init' (PID #1) to
|
|
manage various initialization tasks and reap orphaned child processes.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
46.\fB nsUSER \*(Em USER namespace \fR
|
|
The Inode of the namespace used to isolate the user and group ID numbers.
|
|
Thus, a process could have a normal unprivileged user ID outside a user
|
|
namespace while having a user ID of 0, with full root privileges, inside
|
|
that namespace.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
47.\fB nsUTS \*(Em UTS namespace \fR
|
|
The Inode of the namespace used to isolate hostname and NIS domain name.
|
|
UTS simply means "UNIX Time-sharing System".
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
48.\fB vMj \*(Em Major Page Fault Count Delta\fR
|
|
The number of\fB major\fR page faults that have occurred since the
|
|
last update (see nMaj).
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
49.\fB vMn \*(Em Minor Page Fault Count Delta\fR
|
|
The number of\fB minor\fR page faults that have occurred since the
|
|
last update (see nMin).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 3b. MANAGING Fields
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
After pressing the \*(CI `f' or `F' (Fields Management) you will be presented
|
|
with a screen showing: 1) the \*(CW name; 2) the designated sort field;
|
|
3) all fields in their current order along with descriptions.
|
|
Entries marked with an asterisk are the currently displayed fields,
|
|
screen width permitting.
|
|
|
|
.RS +4
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
As the on screen instructions indicate, you navigate among the fields with
|
|
the\fB Up\fR and\fB Down\fR \*(KAs.
|
|
The PgUp, PgDn, Home and End keys can also be used to quickly reach the
|
|
first or last available field.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
The\fB Right\fR \*(KA selects a field for repositioning and
|
|
the\fB Left\fR \*(KA or the <\fBEnter\fR> key commits that field's
|
|
placement.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
The `\fBd\fR' key or the <\fBSpace\fR> bar toggles a field's display
|
|
status, and thus the presence or absence of the asterisk.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
The `\fBs\fR' key designates a field as the sort field.
|
|
\*(XT 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING for additional information regarding
|
|
your selection of a sort field.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
The `\fBa\fR' and `\fBw\fR' keys can be used to cycle through all available
|
|
windows and the `\fBq\fR' or <\fBEsc\fR> keys exit Fields Management.
|
|
.RS -4
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
The Fields Management screen can also be used to change the \*(CG in
|
|
either \*(FM or \*(AM.
|
|
Whatever was targeted when `q' or <Esc> was pressed will be made current
|
|
as you return to the \*(We display.
|
|
\*(XT 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions and the `g' \*(CI for insight
|
|
into \*(CWs and \*(FGs.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
\*(NT Any window that has been scrolled\fI horizontally\fR will be reset if any
|
|
field changes are made via the Fields Management screen.
|
|
Any\fI vertical\fR scrolled position, however, will not be affected.
|
|
\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical
|
|
and horizontal scrolling.
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 4. INTERACTIVE Commands
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
Listed below is a brief index of commands within categories.
|
|
Some commands appear more than once \*(Em their meaning or scope may vary
|
|
depending on the context in which they are issued.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
4a.\fI Global-Commands \fR
|
|
<Ent/Sp> ?, =, 0,
|
|
A, B, d, E, e, g, h, H, I, k, q, r, s, W, X, Y, Z
|
|
4b.\fI Summary-Area-Commands \fR
|
|
C, l, t, m, 1, 2, 3
|
|
4c.\fI Task-Area-Commands \fR
|
|
Appearance: b, J, j, x, y, z
|
|
Content: c, f, F, o, O, S, u, U, V
|
|
Size: #, i, n
|
|
Sorting: <, >, f, F, R
|
|
4d.\fI Color-Mapping \fR
|
|
<Ret>, a, B, b, H, M, q, S, T, w, z, 0 \- 7
|
|
5b.\fI Commands-for-Windows \fR
|
|
\-, _, =, +, A, a, g, G, w
|
|
5c.\fI Scrolling-a-Window \fR
|
|
C, Up, Dn, Left, Right, PgUp, PgDn, Home, End
|
|
5d.\fI Searching-in-a-Window \fR
|
|
L, &
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 4a. GLOBAL Commands
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
The global \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available\fR in both \*(FM and \*(AM.
|
|
However, some of these \*(CIs are\fB not available\fR when running
|
|
in Secure mode.
|
|
|
|
If you wish to know in advance whether or not your \*(We has been
|
|
secured, simply ask for help and view the system summary on the second
|
|
line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ <\fBEnter\fR> or <\fBSpace\fR>\ \ :\fIRefresh-Display \fR
|
|
These commands awaken \*(We and following receipt of any input
|
|
the entire display will be repainted.
|
|
They also force an update of any hotplugged \*(Pu or \*(MP changes.
|
|
|
|
Use either of these keys if you have a large delay interval and wish
|
|
to see current status,
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB?\fR | \fBh\fR\ \ :\fIHelp \fR
|
|
There are two help levels available.
|
|
The first will provide a reminder of all the basic \*(CIs.
|
|
If \*(We is\fI secured\fR, that screen will be abbreviated.
|
|
|
|
Typing `h' or `?' on that help screen will take you to help for
|
|
those \*(CIs applicable to \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB=\fR\ \ :\fIExit-Task-Limits \fR
|
|
Removes restrictions on which tasks are shown.
|
|
This command will reverse any `i' (idle tasks) and `n' (max tasks)
|
|
commands that might be active.
|
|
It also provides for an exit from PID monitoring, User filtering
|
|
and Other filtering.
|
|
See the `\-p' \*(CO for a discussion of PID monitoring, the `U' or `u'
|
|
\*(CIs for User filtering and the `O' or `o' \*(CIs for Other filtering.
|
|
|
|
Additionally, any window that has been scrolled will be reset with
|
|
this command.
|
|
\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding
|
|
vertical and horizontal scrolling.
|
|
|
|
When operating in \*(AM this command has a broader meaning.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB0\fR\ \ :\fIZero-Suppress\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command determines whether zeros are shown or suppressed for many
|
|
of the fields in a \*(TW.
|
|
Fields like UID, GID, NI, PR or P are not affected by this toggle.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBA\fR\ \ :\fIAlternate-Display-Mode\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command will switch between \*(FM and \*(AM.
|
|
\*(XT 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions and the `g' \*(CI for insight
|
|
into \*(CWs and \*(FGs.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBB\fR\ \ :\fIBold-Disable/Enable\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command will influence use of the bold terminfo capability and
|
|
alters\fB both\fR the \*(SA and \*(TA for the \*(CW.
|
|
While it is intended primarily for use with dumb terminals, it can be
|
|
applied anytime.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT When this toggle is \*O and \*(We is operating in monochrome mode,
|
|
the\fB entire display\fR will appear as normal text.
|
|
Thus, unless the `x' and/or `y' toggles are using reverse for emphasis,
|
|
there will be no visual confirmation that they are even on.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fBd\fR | \fBs\fR\ \ :\fIChange-Delay-Time-interval \fR
|
|
You will be prompted to enter the delay time, in seconds, between
|
|
display updates.
|
|
|
|
Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed.
|
|
Entering 0 causes (nearly) continuous updates, with an unsatisfactory
|
|
display as the system and tty driver try to keep up with \*(We's demands.
|
|
The delay value is inversely proportional to system loading,
|
|
so set it with care.
|
|
|
|
If at any time you wish to know the current delay time, simply ask for
|
|
help and view the system summary on the second line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBE\fR\ \ :\fIExtend-Memory-Scale\fR in Summary Area
|
|
With this command you can cycle through the available \*(SA memory scaling
|
|
which ranges from KiB (kibibytes or 1,024 bytes) through EiB (exbibytes or
|
|
1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes).
|
|
|
|
If you see a `+' between a displayed number and the following label, it
|
|
means that \*(We was forced to truncate some portion of that number.
|
|
By raising the scaling factor, such truncation can be avoided.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBe\fR\ \ :\fIExtend-Memory-Scale\fR in Task Windows
|
|
With this command you can cycle through the available \*(TW memory scaling
|
|
which ranges from KiB (kibibytes or 1,024 bytes) through PiB (pebibytes or
|
|
1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes).
|
|
|
|
While \*(We will try to honor the selected target range, additional
|
|
scaling might still be necessary in order to accommodate current values.
|
|
If you wish to see a more homogeneous result in the memory columns,
|
|
raising the scaling range will usually accomplish that goal.
|
|
Raising it too high, however, is likely to produce an all zero result
|
|
which cannot be suppressed with the `0' \*(CI.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBg\fR\ \ :\fIChoose-Another-Window/Field-Group \fR
|
|
You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the
|
|
\*(FG which should be made the \*(CW.
|
|
You will soon grow comfortable with these 4 windows, especially after
|
|
experimenting with \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBH\fR\ \ :\fIThreads-mode\fR toggle \fR
|
|
When this toggle is \*O, individual threads will be displayed for all
|
|
processes in all visible \*(TWs.
|
|
Otherwise, \*(We displays a summation of all threads in each process.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBI\fR\ \ :\fIIrix/Solaris-Mode\fR toggle \fR
|
|
When operating in Solaris mode ('I' toggled \*F), a task's \*(Pu usage
|
|
will be divided by the total number of \*(PUs.
|
|
After issuing this command, you'll be told the new state of this toggle.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fBk\fR\ \ :\fIKill-a-task \fR
|
|
You will be prompted for a PID and then the signal to send.
|
|
|
|
Entering no PID or a negative number will be interpreted as
|
|
the default shown in the prompt (the first task displayed).
|
|
A PID value of zero means the \*(We program itself.
|
|
|
|
The default signal, as reflected in the prompt, is SIGTERM.
|
|
However, you can send any signal, via number or name.
|
|
|
|
If you wish to abort the kill process, do one of the following
|
|
depending on your progress:
|
|
.nf
|
|
1) at the pid prompt, type an invalid number
|
|
2) at the signal prompt, type 0 (or any invalid signal)
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBq\fR\ \ :\fIQuit \fR
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fBr\fR\ \ :\fIRenice-a-Task \fR
|
|
You will be prompted for a PID and then the value to nice it to.
|
|
|
|
Entering no PID or a negative number will be interpreted as
|
|
the default shown in the prompt (the first task displayed).
|
|
A PID value of zero means the \*(We program itself.
|
|
|
|
A positive nice value will cause a process to lose priority.
|
|
Conversely, a negative nice value will cause a process to be viewed
|
|
more favorably by the kernel.
|
|
As a general rule, ordinary users can only increase the nice value
|
|
and are prevented from lowering it.
|
|
|
|
If you wish to abort the renice process, do one of the following
|
|
depending on your progress:
|
|
.nf
|
|
1) at the pid prompt, type an invalid number
|
|
2) at the nice prompt, type <Enter> with no input
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBW\fR\ \ :\fIWrite-the-Configuration-File \fR
|
|
This will save all of your options and toggles plus the current
|
|
display mode and delay time.
|
|
By issuing this command just before quitting \*(We, you will be able
|
|
restart later in exactly that same state.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBX\fR\ \ :\fIExtra-Fixed-Width \fR
|
|
Some fields are fixed width and not scalable.
|
|
As such, they are subject to truncation which would be indicated
|
|
by a `+' in the last position.
|
|
|
|
This \*(CI can be used to alter the widths of the following fields:
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
\fI field default field default field default \fR
|
|
GID 5 GROUP 8 WCHAN 10
|
|
RUID 5 RUSER 8 nsIPC 10
|
|
SUID 5 SUSER 8 nsMNT 10
|
|
UID 5 USER 8 nsNET 10
|
|
TTY 8 nsPID 10
|
|
nsUSER 10
|
|
nsUTS 10
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
You will be prompted for the amount to be added to the default
|
|
widths shown above.
|
|
Entering zero forces a return to those defaults.
|
|
|
|
If you enter a negative number, \*(We will automatically increase
|
|
the column size as needed until there is no more truncated data.
|
|
You can accelerate this process by reducing the delay interval
|
|
or holding down the <Space> bar.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT Whether explicitly or automatically increased, the widths for
|
|
these fields are never decreased by \*(We.
|
|
To narrow them you must specify a smaller number or restore the defaults.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBY\fR\ \ :\fIInspect-Other-Output \fR
|
|
After issuing the `Y' \*(CI, you will be prompted for a target PID.
|
|
Typing a value or accepting the default results in a separate screen.
|
|
That screen can be used to view a variety of files or piped command output
|
|
while the normal \*(We iterative display is paused.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT This \*(CI is only fully realized when supporting entries have been
|
|
manually added to the end of the \*(We \*(CF.
|
|
For details on creating those entries, \*(Xt 6c. ADDING INSPECT Entries.
|
|
|
|
Most of the keys used to navigate the Inspect feature are reflected in
|
|
its header prologue.
|
|
There are, however, additional keys available once you have selected a
|
|
particular file or command.
|
|
They are familiar to anyone who has used the pager `less' and are
|
|
summarized here for future reference.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
\fI key function \fR
|
|
= alternate status\-line, file or pipeline
|
|
/ find, equivalent to `L' locate
|
|
n find next, equivalent to `&' locate next
|
|
<Space> scroll down, equivalent to <PgDn>
|
|
b scroll up, equivalent to <PgUp>
|
|
g first line, equivalent to <Home>
|
|
G last line, equivalent to <End>
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBZ\fR\ \ :\fIChange-Color-Mapping \fR
|
|
This key will take you to a separate screen where you can change the
|
|
colors for the \*(CW, or for all windows.
|
|
For details regarding this \*(CI \*(Xt 4d. COLOR Mapping.
|
|
|
|
.IP "*" 3
|
|
The commands shown with an \*(AK are not available in Secure mode,
|
|
nor will they be shown on the level-1 help screen.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
The \*(SA \*(CIs are\fB always available\fR in both \*(FM and \*(AM.
|
|
They affect the beginning lines of your display and will determine the
|
|
position of messages and prompts.
|
|
|
|
These commands always impact just the \*(CG.
|
|
\*(XT 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions and the `g' \*(CI for insight into
|
|
\*(CWs and \*(FGs.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBC\fR\ \ :\fIShow-scroll-coordinates\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Toggle an informational message which is displayed whenever the message
|
|
line is not otherwise being used.
|
|
For additional information \*(Xt 5c. SCROLLING a Window.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBl\fR\ \ :\fILoad-Average/Uptime\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This is also the line containing the program name (possibly an alias)
|
|
when operating in \*(FM or the \*(CW name when operating in \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBt\fR\ \ :\fITask/Cpu-States\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command affects from 2 to many \*(SA lines, depending on the state
|
|
of the `1', `2' or `3' \*(CTs and whether or not \*(We is running under
|
|
true SMP.
|
|
|
|
This portion of the \*(SA is also influenced by the 'H' \*(CI toggle,
|
|
as reflected in the total label which shows either Tasks or Threads.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBm\fR\ \ :\fIMemory/Swap-Usage\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command affects the two \*(SA lines dealing with physical
|
|
and virtual memory.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB1\fR\ \ :\fISingle/Separate-Cpu-States\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command affects how the `t' command's Cpu States portion is shown.
|
|
Although this toggle exists primarily to serve massively-parallel SMP
|
|
machines, it is not restricted to solely SMP environments.
|
|
|
|
When you see `%Cpu(s):' in the \*(SA, the `1' toggle is \*O and all
|
|
\*(Pu information is gathered in a single line.
|
|
Otherwise, each \*(Pu is displayed separately as: `%Cpu0, %Cpu1, ...'
|
|
up to available screen height.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB2\fR\ \ :\fINUMA-Nodes/Cpu-Summary\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command toggles between the `1' command cpu summary display (only)
|
|
or a summary display plus the cpu usage statistics for each NUMA Node.
|
|
It is only available if a system has the requisite NUMA support.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB3\fR\ \ :\fIExpand-NUMA-Node \fR
|
|
You will be invited to enter a number representing a NUMA Node.
|
|
Thereafter, a node summary plus the statistics for each cpu in that
|
|
node will be shown until either the `1' or `2' \*(CT is pressed.
|
|
This \*(CI is only available if a system has the requisite NUMA support.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
\*(NT If the entire \*(SA has been toggled \*F for any window, you would
|
|
be left with just the\fB message line\fR.
|
|
In that way, you will have maximized available task rows but (temporarily)
|
|
sacrificed the program name in \*(FM or the \*(CW name when in \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 4c. TASK AREA Commands
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
The \*(TA \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available in \*(FM.
|
|
|
|
The \*(TA \*(CIs are\fB never available\fR in \*(AM\fI if\fR the \*(CW's
|
|
\*(TD has been toggled \*F (\*(Xt 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions).
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.\" ..................................................
|
|
.B APPEARANCE\fR of \*(TW
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBJ\fR\ \ :\fIJustify-Numeric-Columns\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Alternates between right-justified (the default) and
|
|
left-justified numeric data.
|
|
If the numeric data completely fills the available column, this
|
|
\*(CT may impact the column header only.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBj\fR\ \ :\fIJustify-Character-Columns\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Alternates between left-justified (the default) and
|
|
right-justified character data.
|
|
If the character data completely fills the available column, this
|
|
\*(CT may impact the column header only.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.RS +2
|
|
The following commands will also be influenced by the state of the
|
|
global `B' (bold enable) toggle.
|
|
.RS -2
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBb\fR\ \ :\fIBold/Reverse\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command will impact how the `x' and `y' toggles are displayed.
|
|
Further, it will only be available when at least one of those toggles is \*O.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBx\fR\ \ :\fIColumn-Highlight\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Changes highlighting for the current sort field.
|
|
If you forget which field is being sorted this command can serve as a quick
|
|
visual reminder, providing the sort field is being displayed.
|
|
The sort field might\fI not\fR be visible because:
|
|
1) there is insufficient\fI Screen Width \fR
|
|
2) the `f' \*(CI turned it \*F
|
|
|
|
\*(NT Whenever Searching and/or Other Filtering is active in a window,
|
|
column highlighting is temporarily disabled.
|
|
\*(XC notes at the end of topics 5d. SEARCHING and 5e. FILTERING for an
|
|
explanation why.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBy\fR\ \ :\fIRow-Highlight\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Changes highlighting for "running" tasks.
|
|
For additional insight into this task state,
|
|
\*(Xt 3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields, the `S' field (Process Status).
|
|
|
|
Use of this provision provides important insight into your system's health.
|
|
The only costs will be a few additional tty escape sequences.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBz\fR\ \ :\fIColor/Monochrome\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Switches the \*(CW between your last used color scheme and the older form
|
|
of black-on-white or white-on-black.
|
|
This command will alter\fB both\fR the \*(SA and \*(TA but does not affect
|
|
the state of the `x', `y' or `b' toggles.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.\" ..................................................
|
|
.B CONTENT\fR of \*(TW
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBc\fR\ \ :\fICommand-Line/Program-Name\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command will be honored whether or not the COMMAND column
|
|
is currently visible.
|
|
Later, should that field come into view, the change you applied will be seen.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBf\fR | \fBF\fR\ \ :\fIFields-Management \fR
|
|
These keys display a separate screen where you can change which fields are
|
|
displayed, their order and also designate the sort field.
|
|
For additional information on these \*(CIs
|
|
\*(Xt 3b. MANAGING Fields.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBo\fR | \fBO\fR\ \ :\fIOther-Filtering \fR
|
|
You will be prompted for the selection criteria which then determines
|
|
which tasks will be shown in the \*(CW.
|
|
Your criteria can be made case sensitive or case can be ignored.
|
|
And you determine if \*(We should include or exclude matching tasks.
|
|
|
|
\*(XT 5e. FILTERING in a window for details on these and additional
|
|
related \*(CIs.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBS\fR\ \ :\fICumulative-Time-Mode\fR toggle \fR
|
|
When Cumulative mode is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu
|
|
time that it and its dead children have used.
|
|
|
|
When \*F, programs that fork into many separate tasks will appear
|
|
less demanding.
|
|
For programs like `init' or a shell this is appropriate but for others,
|
|
like compilers, perhaps not.
|
|
Experiment with two \*(TWs sharing the same sort field but with different `S'
|
|
states and see which representation you prefer.
|
|
|
|
After issuing this command, you'll be informed of the new state of this toggle.
|
|
If you wish to know in advance whether or not Cumulative mode is in
|
|
effect, simply ask for help and view the window summary on the second line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBu\fR | \fBU\fR\ \ :\fIShow-Specific-User-Only \fR
|
|
You will be prompted for the\fB uid\fR or\fB name\fR of the user to display.
|
|
The \-u option matches on \fB effective\fR user whereas the \-U option
|
|
matches on\fB any\fR user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem).
|
|
|
|
Thereafter, in that \*(TW only matching users will be shown, or possibly
|
|
no processes will be shown.
|
|
Prepending an exclamation point ('!') to the user id or name instructs top
|
|
to display only processes with users not matching the one provided.
|
|
|
|
Different \*(TWs can be used to filter different users.
|
|
Later, if you wish to monitor all users again in the \*(CW, re-issue this
|
|
command but just press <Enter> at the prompt.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBV\fR\ \ :\fIForest-View-Mode\fR toggle \fR
|
|
In this mode, processes are reordered according to their parents and
|
|
the layout of the COMMAND column resembles that of a tree.
|
|
In forest view mode it is still possible to toggle between program
|
|
name and command line (\*(Xc `c' \*(CI) or between processes and
|
|
threads (\*(Xc `H' \*(CI).
|
|
|
|
\*(NT Typing any key affecting the sort order will exit forest view
|
|
mode in the \*(CW.
|
|
\*(XT 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING for information on those keys.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.\" ..................................................
|
|
.B SIZE\fR of \*(TW
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBi\fR\ \ :\fIIdle-Process\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Displays all tasks or just active tasks.
|
|
When this toggle is \*F, tasks that have not used any \*(PU since the
|
|
last update will not be displayed.
|
|
However, due to the granularity of the %CPU and TIME+ fields,
|
|
some processes may still be displayed that\fI appear\fR to have
|
|
used\fI no\fR \*(PU.
|
|
|
|
If this command is applied to the last \*(TD when in \*(AM, then it will not
|
|
affect the window's size, as all prior \*(TDs will have already been painted.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBn\fR | \fB#\fR\ \ :\fISet-Maximum-Tasks \fR
|
|
You will be prompted to enter the number of tasks to display.
|
|
The lessor of your number and available screen rows will be used.
|
|
|
|
When used in \*(AM, this is the command that gives you precise control over
|
|
the size of each currently visible \*(TD, except for the very last.
|
|
It will not affect the last window's size, as all prior \*(TDs will have
|
|
already been painted.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT If you wish to increase the size of the last visible \*(TD when in \*(AM,
|
|
simply decrease the size of the \*(TD(s) above it.
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.\" ..................................................
|
|
.B SORTING\fR of \*(TW
|
|
.PP
|
|
.RS +3
|
|
For compatibility, this \*(We supports most of the former \*(We sort keys.
|
|
Since this is primarily a service to former \*(We users, these commands do
|
|
not appear on any help screen.
|
|
.nf
|
|
\fI command sorted-field supported \fR
|
|
A start time (non-display) \fB No \fR
|
|
M %MEM Yes
|
|
N PID Yes
|
|
P %CPU Yes
|
|
T TIME+ Yes
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
Before using any of the following sort provisions, \*(We suggests that you
|
|
temporarily turn on column highlighting using the `x' \*(CI.
|
|
That will help ensure that the actual sort environment matches your intent.
|
|
|
|
The following \*(CIs will\fB only\fR be honored when the current sort field
|
|
is\fB visible\fR.
|
|
The sort field might\fI not\fR be visible because:
|
|
1) there is insufficient\fI Screen Width \fR
|
|
2) the `f' \*(CI turned it \*F
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB<\fR\ \ :\fIMove-Sort-Field-Left \fR
|
|
Moves the sort column to the left unless the current sort field is
|
|
the first field being displayed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB>\fR\ \ :\fIMove-Sort-Field-Right \fR
|
|
Moves the sort column to the right unless the current sort field is
|
|
the last field being displayed.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following \*(CIs will\fB always\fR be honored whether or not
|
|
the current sort field is visible.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBf\fR | \fBF\fR\ \ :\fIFields-Management \fR
|
|
These keys display a separate screen where you can change which field
|
|
is used as the sort column, among other functions.
|
|
This can be a convenient way to simply verify the current sort field,
|
|
when running \*(We with column highlighting turned \*F.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBR\fR\ \ :\fIReverse/Normal-Sort-Field\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Using this \*(CI you can alternate between high-to-low and low-to-high sorts.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
\*(NT Field sorting uses internal values, not those in column display.
|
|
Thus, the TTY and WCHAN fields will violate strict ASCII collating sequence.
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 4d. COLOR Mapping
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
When you issue the `Z' \*(CI, you will be presented with a separate screen.
|
|
That screen can be used to change the colors in just the \*(CW or
|
|
in all four windows before returning to the \*(We display.
|
|
|
|
.P
|
|
The following \*(CIs are available.
|
|
.nf
|
|
\fB4\fR upper case letters to select a\fB target \fR
|
|
\fB8\fR numbers to select a\fB color \fR
|
|
normal toggles available \fR
|
|
B :bold disable/enable
|
|
b :running tasks "bold"/reverse
|
|
z :color/mono
|
|
other commands available \fR
|
|
a/w :apply, then go to next/prior
|
|
<Enter> :apply and exit
|
|
q :abandon current changes and exit
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
If you use `a' or `w' to cycle the targeted window, you will
|
|
have applied the color scheme that was displayed when you left that window.
|
|
You can, of course, easily return to any window and reapply different
|
|
colors or turn colors \*F completely with the `z' toggle.
|
|
|
|
The Color Mapping screen can also be used to change the \*(CG in
|
|
either \*(FM or \*(AM.
|
|
Whatever was targeted when `q' or <Enter> was pressed will be made current
|
|
as you return to the \*(We display.
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 5. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Provisions
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 5a. WINDOWS Overview
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
.B Field Groups/Windows\fR:
|
|
In \*(FM there is a single window represented by the entire screen.
|
|
That single window can still be changed to display 1 of 4 different\fB field
|
|
groups\fR (\*(Xc `g' \*(CI, repeated below).
|
|
Each of the 4 \*(FGs has a unique separately configurable\fB \*(SA \fR
|
|
and its own configurable\fB \*(TA\fR.
|
|
|
|
In \*(AM, those 4 underlying \*(FGs can now be made visible
|
|
simultaneously, or can be turned \*F individually at your command.
|
|
|
|
The \*(SA will always exist, even if it's only the message line.
|
|
At any given time only\fI one\fR \*(SA can be displayed.
|
|
However, depending on your commands, there could be from\fI zero \fR
|
|
to\fI four\fR separate \*(TDs currently showing on the screen.
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
.B Current Window\fR:
|
|
The \*(CW is the window associated with the \*(SA and the window to which
|
|
task related commands are always directed.
|
|
Since in \*(AM you can toggle the \*(TD \*F, some commands might be
|
|
restricted for the \*(CW.
|
|
|
|
A further complication arises when you have toggled the first \*(SA
|
|
line \*F.
|
|
With the loss of the window name (the `l' toggled line), you'll not easily
|
|
know what window is the \*(CW.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 5b. COMMANDS for Windows
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fB-\fR | \fB_\fR\ \ :\fIShow/Hide-Window(s)\fR toggles \fR
|
|
The `\-' key turns the \*(CW's \*(TD \*O and \*F.
|
|
When \*O, that \*(TA will show a minimum of the columns header you've
|
|
established with the `f' \*(CI.
|
|
It will also reflect any other \*(TA options/toggles you've applied
|
|
yielding zero or more tasks.
|
|
|
|
The `_' key does the same for all \*(TDs.
|
|
In other words, it switches between the currently visible \*(TD(s) and any
|
|
\*(TD(s) you had toggled \*F.
|
|
If all 4 \*(TDs are currently visible, this \*(CI will leave the \*(SA
|
|
as the only display element.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fB=\fR | \fB+\fR\ \ :\fIEqualize-(reinitialize)-Window(s) \fR
|
|
The `=' key forces the \*(CW's \*(TD to be visible.
|
|
It also reverses any `i' (idle tasks), `n' (max tasks), `u/U' (user filter)
|
|
and `o/O' (other filter) commands that might be active.
|
|
Also, if the window had been scrolled, it will be reset with this command.
|
|
\*(XT 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical
|
|
and horizontal scrolling.
|
|
|
|
The `+' key does the same for all windows.
|
|
The four \*(TDs will reappear, evenly balanced.
|
|
They will also have retained any customizations you had previously
|
|
applied, except for the `i' (idle tasks), `n' (max tasks), `u/U'
|
|
(user filter), `o/O' (other filter) and scrolling \*(CIs.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fBA\fR\ \ :\fIAlternate-Display-Mode\fR toggle \fR
|
|
This command will switch between \*(FM and \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
The first time you issue this command, all four \*(TDs will be shown.
|
|
Thereafter when you switch modes, you will see only the \*(TD(s) you've
|
|
chosen to make visible.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fBa\fR | \fBw\fR\ \ :\fINext-Window-Forward/Backward \fR
|
|
This will change the \*(CW, which in turn changes the window to which
|
|
commands are directed.
|
|
These keys act in a circular fashion so you can reach any desired window
|
|
using either key.
|
|
|
|
Assuming the window name is visible (you have not toggled `l' \*F),
|
|
whenever the \*(CW name loses its emphasis/color, that's a reminder
|
|
the \*(TD is \*F and many commands will be restricted.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
*\ \ \fBg\fR\ \ :\fIChoose-Another-Window/Field-Group \fR
|
|
You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the
|
|
\*(FG which should be made the \*(CW.
|
|
|
|
In \*(FM, this command is necessary to alter the \*(CW.
|
|
In \*(AM, it is simply a less convenient alternative to the `a' and `w'
|
|
commands.
|
|
|
|
.TP 7
|
|
\ \ \ \fBG\fR\ \ :\fIChange-Window/Field-Group-Name \fR
|
|
You will be prompted for a new name to be applied to the \*(CW.
|
|
It does not require that the window name be visible
|
|
(the `l' toggle to be \*O).
|
|
|
|
.IP "*" 3
|
|
The \*(CIs shown with an \*(AK have use beyond \*(AM.
|
|
.nf
|
|
=, A, g are always available
|
|
a, w act the same with color mapping
|
|
and fields management
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 5c. SCROLLING a Window
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
Typically a \*(TW is a partial view into a systems's total tasks/threads
|
|
which shows only some of the available fields/columns.
|
|
With these \*(KSs, you can move that view vertically or horizontally to
|
|
reveal any desired task or column.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBUp\fR,\fBPgUp\fR\ \ :\fIScroll-Tasks \fR
|
|
Move the view up toward the first task row, until the first task is
|
|
displayed at the top of the \*(CW.
|
|
The \fIUp\fR \*(KA moves a single line while \fIPgUp\fR scrolls the
|
|
entire window.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBDown\fR,\fBPgDn\fR\ \ :\fIScroll-Tasks \fR
|
|
Move the view down toward the last task row, until the last task is
|
|
the only task displayed at the top of the \*(CW.
|
|
The \fIDown\fR \*(KA moves a single line while \fIPgDn\fR scrolls the
|
|
entire window.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBLeft\fR,\fBRight\fR\ \ :\fIScroll-Columns \fR
|
|
Move the view of displayable fields horizontally one column at a time.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT As a reminder, some fields/columns are not fixed-width but
|
|
allocated all remaining screen width when visible.
|
|
When scrolling right or left, that feature may produce some
|
|
unexpected results initially.
|
|
|
|
Additionally, there are special provisions for any variable width field
|
|
when positioned as the last displayed field.
|
|
Once that field is reached via the right arrow key, and is thus the only
|
|
column shown, you can continue scrolling horizontally within such a field.
|
|
\*(XC `C' \*(CI below for additional information.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBHome\fR\ \ :\fIJump-to-Home-Position \fR
|
|
Reposition the display to the un-scrolled coordinates.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBEnd\fR\ \ :\fIJump-to-End-Position \fR
|
|
Reposition the display so that the rightmost column reflects the last
|
|
displayable field and the bottom task row represents the last task.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT From this position it is still possible to scroll\fI down\fR
|
|
and\fI right\fR using the \*(KAs.
|
|
This is true until a single column and a single task is left as the only
|
|
display element.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBC\fR\ \ :\fIShow-scroll-coordinates\fR toggle \fR
|
|
Toggle an informational message which is displayed whenever the message
|
|
line is not otherwise being used.
|
|
That message will take one of two forms depending on whether or not a
|
|
variable width column has also been scrolled.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
\fBscroll coordinates: y = n/n (tasks), x = n/n (fields)\fR
|
|
\fRscroll coordinates: y = n/n (tasks), x = n/n (fields)\fB + nn\fR
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
The coordinates shown as \fBn\fR/\fBn\fR are relative to the upper left
|
|
corner of the \*(CW.
|
|
The additional `\fB+\ nn\fR' represents the displacement into a variable
|
|
width column when it has been scrolled horizontally.
|
|
Such displacement occurs in normal 8 character tab stop amounts via
|
|
the right and left arrow keys.
|
|
|
|
.RS +4
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBy = n/n (tasks) \fR
|
|
The first \fBn\fR represents the topmost visible task and is controlled
|
|
by \*(KSs.
|
|
The second \fBn\fR is updated automatically to reflect total tasks.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBx = n/n (fields) \fR
|
|
The first \fBn\fR represents the leftmost displayed column and is
|
|
controlled by \*(KSs.
|
|
The second \fBn\fR is the total number of displayable fields and is
|
|
established with the `\fBf\fR' \*(CI.
|
|
.RS -4
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
The above \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available in \*(FM but\fB never\fR
|
|
available in \*(AM if the \*(CW's \*(TD has been toggled \*F.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT When any form of filtering is active, you can expect some slight
|
|
aberrations when scrolling since not all tasks will be visible.
|
|
This is particularly apparent when using the Up/Down \*(KAs.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 5d. SEARCHING in a Window
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
You can use these \*(CIs to locate a task row containing a particular value.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fBL\fR\ \ :\fILocate-a-string\fR
|
|
You will be prompted for the case-sensitive string to locate starting from
|
|
the current window coordinates.
|
|
There are no restrictions on search string content.
|
|
|
|
Searches are not limited to values from a single field or column.
|
|
All of the values displayed in a task row are allowed in a search string.
|
|
You may include spaces, numbers, symbols and even forest view artwork.
|
|
|
|
Keying <Enter> with no input will effectively disable the `&' key until
|
|
a new search string is entered.
|
|
|
|
.TP 4
|
|
\fB&\fR\ \ :\fILocate-next\fR
|
|
Assuming a search string has been established, \*(We will attempt to locate
|
|
the next occurrence.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
When a match is found, the current window is repositioned vertically so the
|
|
task row containing that string is first.
|
|
The scroll coordinates message can provide confirmation of such vertical
|
|
repositioning (\*(Xc `C' \*(CI).
|
|
Horizontal scrolling, however, is never altered via searching.
|
|
|
|
The availability of a matching string will be influenced by the following
|
|
factors.
|
|
.RS +3
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
a. Which fields are displayable from the total available,
|
|
\*(Xt 3b. MANAGING Fields.
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
b. Scrolling a window vertically and/or horizontally,
|
|
\*(Xt 5c. SCROLLING a Window.
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
c. The state of the command/command-line toggle,
|
|
\*(Xc `c' \*(CI.
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
d. The stability of the chosen sort column,
|
|
for example PID is good but %CPU bad.
|
|
.RS -3
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
If a search fails, restoring the \*(CW home (unscrolled) position, scrolling
|
|
horizontally, displaying command-lines or choosing a more stable sort field
|
|
could yet produce a successful `&' search.
|
|
|
|
The above \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available in \*(FM but\fB never\fR
|
|
available in \*(AM if the \*(CW's \*(TD has been toggled \*F.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT Whenever a Search is active in a window, \*(We will turn
|
|
column highlighting \*F to prevent false matches on internal non-display
|
|
escape sequences.
|
|
Such highlighting will be restored when a window's search string is empty.
|
|
\*(XC `x' \*(CI for additional information on sort column highlighting.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 5e. FILTERING in a Window
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
You can use this Other Filter feature to establish selection criteria which
|
|
will then determine which tasks are shown in the \*(CW.
|
|
|
|
Establishing a filter requires: 1) a field name; 2) an operator; and
|
|
3) a selection value, as a minimum.
|
|
This is the most complex of \*(We's user input requirements so, when you make
|
|
a mistake, command recall will be your friend.
|
|
Remember the Up/Down \*(KAs or their aliases when prompted for input.
|
|
|
|
.B Filter Basics
|
|
.RS +3
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
1. field names are case sensitive and spelled as in the header
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
2. selection values need not comprise the full displayed field
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
3. a selection is either case insensitive or sensitive to case
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
4. the default is inclusion, prepending `!' denotes exclusions
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
5. multiple selection criteria can be applied to a \*(TW
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
6. inclusion and exclusion criteria can be used simultaneously
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
7. the 1 equality and 2 relational filters can be freely mixed
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
8. separate unique filters are maintained for each \*(TW
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
If a field is not turned on or is not currently in view, then your selection
|
|
criteria will not affect the display.
|
|
Later, should a filtered field become visible, the selection criteria will
|
|
then be applied.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.B Keyboard Summary
|
|
.TP 6
|
|
\ \ \fBo\fR\ \ :\fIOther-Filter\fR (lower case)
|
|
You will be prompted to establish a filter that \fBignores case\fR when
|
|
matching.
|
|
|
|
.TP 6
|
|
\ \ \fBO\fR\ \ :\fIOther-Filter\fR (upper case)
|
|
You will be prompted to establish a \fBcase sensitive\fR filter.
|
|
|
|
.TP 6
|
|
\ \fB^O\fR\ \ :\fIShow-Active-Filters\fR (Ctrl key + `o')
|
|
This can serve as a reminder of which filters are active in the \*(CW.
|
|
A summary will be shown on the message line until you press the <Enter> key.
|
|
|
|
.TP 6
|
|
\ \ \fB=\fR\ \ :\fIReset-Filtering\fR in current window
|
|
This clears all of your selection criteria in the \*(CW.
|
|
It also has additional impact so please \*(Xt 4a. GLOBAL Commands.
|
|
|
|
.TP 6
|
|
\ \ \fB+\fR\ \ :\fIReset-Filtering\fR in all windows
|
|
This clears the selection criteria in all windows, assuming you are in \*(AM.
|
|
As with the `=' \*(CI, it too has additional consequences so you might wish to
|
|
\*(Xt 5b. COMMANDS for Windows.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.B Input Requirements
|
|
.RS +3
|
|
.P
|
|
When prompted for selection criteria, the data you provide must take one
|
|
of two forms.
|
|
There are 3 required pieces of information, with a 4th as optional.
|
|
These examples use spaces for clarity but your input generally would not.
|
|
.nf
|
|
#1 \fB#2\fR #3 ( required )
|
|
Field\-Name ? include\-if\-value
|
|
\fB!\fR Field\-Name ? \fBexclude\fR\-if\-value
|
|
#4 ( optional )
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
Items #1, #3 and #4 should be self\-explanatory.
|
|
Item \fB#2\fR represents both a required \fIdelimiter\fR and the \fIoperator\fR
|
|
which must be one of either equality ('=') or relation ('<' or `>').
|
|
|
|
The `=' equality operator requires only a partial match and that
|
|
can reduce your `if\-value' input requirements.
|
|
The `>' or `<' relational operators always employ string comparisons,
|
|
even with numeric fields.
|
|
They are designed to work with a field's default \fIjustification\fR and
|
|
with homogeneous data.
|
|
When some field's numeric amounts have been subjected to \fIscaling\fR
|
|
while others have not, that data is no longer homogeneous.
|
|
|
|
If you establish a relational filter and you \fBhave\fR changed the
|
|
default Numeric or Character \fIjustification\fR, that filter is likely to fail.
|
|
When a relational filter is applied to a memory field and you \fBhave not\fR
|
|
changed the \fIscaling\fR, it may produce misleading results.
|
|
This happens, for example, because `100.0m' (MiB) would appear greater
|
|
than `1.000g' (GiB) when compared as strings.
|
|
|
|
If your filtered results appear suspect, simply altering justification or
|
|
scaling may yet achieve the desired objective.
|
|
See the `j', `J' and `e' \*(CIs for additional information.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.B Potential Problems
|
|
.RS +3
|
|
.P
|
|
These \fBGROUP\fR filters could produce the exact same results or the
|
|
second one might not display anything at all, just a blank \*(TW.
|
|
.nf
|
|
GROUP=root ( only the same results when )
|
|
GROUP=ROOT ( invoked via lower case `o' )
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
Either of these \fBRES\fR filters might yield inconsistent and/or
|
|
misleading results, depending on the current memory scaling factor.
|
|
Or both filters could produce the exact same results.
|
|
.nf
|
|
RES>9999 ( only the same results when )
|
|
!RES<10000 ( memory scaling is at `KiB' )
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
This \fBnMin\fR filter illustrates a problem unique to scalable fields.
|
|
This particular field can display a maximum of 4 digits, beyond which values
|
|
are automatically scaled to KiB or above.
|
|
So while amounts greater than 9999 exist, they will appear as 2.6m, 197k, etc.
|
|
.nf
|
|
nMin>9999 ( always a blank \*(TW )
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.B Potential Solutions
|
|
.RS +3
|
|
.P
|
|
These examples illustrate how Other Filtering can be creatively
|
|
applied to achieve almost any desired result.
|
|
Single quotes are sometimes shown to delimit the spaces which are part of
|
|
a filter or to represent a request for status (^O) accurately.
|
|
But if you used them with if-values in real life, no matches would be found.
|
|
|
|
Assuming field \fBnTH\fR is displayed, the first filter will result in
|
|
only multi-threaded processes being shown.
|
|
It also reminds us that a trailing space is part of every displayed field.
|
|
The second filter achieves the exact same results with less typing.
|
|
.nf
|
|
!nTH=` 1 ' ( ' for clarity only )
|
|
nTH>1 ( same with less i/p )
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
With Forest View mode active and the \fBCOMMAND\fR column in view, this
|
|
filter effectively collapses child processes so that just 3 levels are shown.
|
|
.nf
|
|
!COMMAND=` `- ' ( ' for clarity only )
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
The final two filters appear as in response to the status request key (^O).
|
|
In reality, each filter would have required separate input.
|
|
The \fBPR\fR example shows the two concurrent filters necessary to display
|
|
tasks with priorities of 20 or more, since some might be negative.
|
|
Then by exploiting trailing spaces, the \fBnMin\fR series of filters could
|
|
achieve the failed `9999' objective discussed above.
|
|
.nf
|
|
`PR>20' + `!PR=-' ( 2 for right result )
|
|
`!nMin=0 ' + `!nMin=1 ' + `!nMin=2 ' + `!nMin=3 ' ...
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RS -3
|
|
|
|
\*(NT Whenever Other Filtering is active in a window, \*(We will turn
|
|
column highlighting \*F to prevent false matches on internal non-display
|
|
escape sequences.
|
|
Such highlighting will be restored when a window is no longer subject
|
|
to filtering.
|
|
\*(XC `x' \*(CI for additional information on sort column highlighting.
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 6. FILES
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 6a. SYSTEM Configuration File
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
The presence of this file will influence which version of the help screen
|
|
is shown to an ordinary user.
|
|
More importantly, it will limit what ordinary users are allowed
|
|
to do when \*(We is running.
|
|
They will not be able to issue the following commands.
|
|
.nf
|
|
k Kill a task
|
|
r Renice a task
|
|
d or s Change delay/sleep interval
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
The system \*(CF is\fB not\fR created by \*(We.
|
|
Rather, you create this file manually and place it in the \fI/etc \fR
|
|
directory.
|
|
Its name must be `toprc' and must have no leading `.' (period).
|
|
It must have only two lines.
|
|
|
|
Here is an example of the contents of\fI /etc/toprc\fR:
|
|
.nf
|
|
s # line 1: secure mode switch
|
|
5.0 # line 2: delay interval in seconds
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 6b. PERSONAL Configuration File
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
This file is written as `$HOME/.your\-name\-4\-\*(We' + `rc'.
|
|
Use the `W' \*(CI to create it or update it.
|
|
|
|
Here is the general layout:
|
|
.nf
|
|
global # line 1: the program name/alias notation
|
|
" # line 2: id,altscr,irixps,delay,curwin
|
|
per ea # line a: winname,fieldscur
|
|
window # line b: winflags,sortindx,maxtasks
|
|
" # line c: summclr,msgsclr,headclr,taskclr
|
|
global # line 15: width, memory scaling & zeroes overrides
|
|
" # any remaining lines are devoted to the
|
|
" # generalized inspect provisions
|
|
" # discussed below
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
If the $HOME variable is not present, \*(We will try to write the
|
|
personal \*(CF to the current directory, subject to permissions.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 6c. ADDING INSPECT Entries
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
To exploit the `Y' \*(CI, you must add entries at the\fB end\fR of the
|
|
\*(We personal \*(CF.
|
|
Such entries simply reflect a file to be read or command/pipeline to be
|
|
executed whose results will then be displayed in a separate scrollable,
|
|
searchable window.
|
|
|
|
If you don't know the location or name of your \*(We rcfile, use the `W'
|
|
\*(CI to rewrite it and note those details.
|
|
|
|
Inspect entries can be added with a redirected echo or by editing the \*(CF.
|
|
Redirecting an echo risks overwriting the rcfile should it replace (>)
|
|
rather than append (>>) to that file.
|
|
Conversely, when using an editor care must be taken not to corrupt existing
|
|
lines, some of which will contain unprintable data or unusual characters.
|
|
|
|
Those Inspect entries beginning with a `#' character are ignored, regardless
|
|
of content.
|
|
Otherwise they consist of the following 3 elements, each of which\fI must\fR
|
|
be separated by a tab character (thus 2 `\\t' total):
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
.type: literal `file' or `pipe'
|
|
.name: selection shown on the Inspect screen
|
|
.fmts: string representing a path or command
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
The two types of Inspect entries are\fI not\fR interchangeable.
|
|
Those designated `\fBfile\fR' will be accessed using fopen and
|
|
must reference a single file in the `.fmts' element.
|
|
Entries specifying `\fBpipe\fR' will employ popen, their `.fmts' element
|
|
could contain many pipelined commands and, none can be interactive.
|
|
|
|
If the file or pipeline represented in your `.fmts' deals with the specific PID
|
|
input or accepted when prompted, then the format string must also contain
|
|
the `\fB%d\fR' specifier, as these examples illustrate.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
.fmts= /proc/\fI%d\fR/numa_maps
|
|
.fmts= lsof -P -p\fI %d\fR
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
For `\fBpipe\fR' type entries only, you may also wish to redirect stderr to
|
|
stdout for a more comprehensive result.
|
|
Thus the format string becomes:
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
.fmts= pmap -x %d\fI 2>&1\fR
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
Here are examples of both types of Inspect entries as they might appear
|
|
in the rcfile.
|
|
The first entry will be ignored due to the initial `#' character.
|
|
For clarity, the pseudo tab depictions (^I) are surrounded by an
|
|
extra space but the actual tabs would not be.
|
|
.nf
|
|
|
|
# pipe ^I Sockets ^I lsof -n -P -i 2>&1
|
|
pipe ^I Open Files ^I lsof -P -p %d 2>&1
|
|
file ^I NUMA Info ^I /proc/%d/numa_maps
|
|
pipe ^I Log ^I tail -n100 /var/log/syslog | sort -Mr
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
Except for the commented entry above, these next examples show what could
|
|
be echoed to achieve similar results, assuming the rcfile name was `.toprc'.
|
|
However, due to the embedded tab characters, each of these lines should be
|
|
preceded by `\fB/bin/echo \-e\fR', not just a simple an `echo', to
|
|
enable backslash interpretation regardless of which shell you use.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
"pipe\\tOpen Files\\tlsof -P -p %d 2>&1" >> ~/.toprc
|
|
"file\\tNUMA Info\\t/proc/%d/numa_maps" >> ~/.toprc
|
|
"pipe\\tLog\\ttail -n200 /var/log/syslog | sort -Mr" >> ~/.toprc
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
\fBCaution\fR:
|
|
If any inspect entry you create produces output with unprintable characters
|
|
they will be displayed in either the ^C notation or hexadecimal <FF> form,
|
|
depending on their value.
|
|
This applies to tab characters as well, which will show as `^I'.
|
|
If you want a truer representation, any embedded tabs should be expanded.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
# next would have contained `\\t' ...
|
|
# file ^I <your_name> ^I /proc/%d/status
|
|
# but this will eliminate embedded `\\t' ...
|
|
pipe ^I <your_name> ^I cat /proc/%d/status | expand \-
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
The above example takes what could have been a `file' entry but employs
|
|
a `pipe' instead so as to expand the embedded tabs.
|
|
|
|
\*(NT While `\fBpipe\fR' type entries have been discussed in terms of pipelines
|
|
and commands, there is nothing to prevent you from including \fI shell scripts\fR
|
|
as well.
|
|
Perhaps even newly created scripts designed specifically for the `Y' \*(CI.
|
|
|
|
Lastly, as the number of your Inspect entries grows over time, the `Options:'
|
|
row will be truncated when screen width is exceeded.
|
|
That does not affect operation other than to make some selections invisible.
|
|
|
|
However, if some choices are lost to truncation but you want to see more options,
|
|
there is an easy solution hinted at below.
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
Inspection Pause at pid ...
|
|
Use: left/right then <Enter> ...
|
|
Options: help 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ...
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
The entries in the \*(We rcfile would have a number for the `.name' element and
|
|
the `help' entry would identify a shell script you've written explaining what
|
|
those numbered selections actually mean.
|
|
In that way, many more choices can be made visible.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
Many of these tricks work best when you give \*(We a scheduling boost.
|
|
So plan on starting him with a nice value of \-10, assuming you've got
|
|
the authority.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 7a. Kernel Magic
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" sorry, just can't help it -- don't ya love the sound of this?
|
|
For these stupid tricks, \*(We needs \*(FM.
|
|
.\" ( apparently AM static was a potential concern )
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
The user interface, through prompts and help, intentionally implies
|
|
that the delay interval is limited to tenths of a second.
|
|
However, you're free to set any desired delay.
|
|
If you want to see Linux at his scheduling best, try a delay of .09
|
|
seconds or less.
|
|
|
|
For this experiment, under x-windows open an xterm and maximize it.
|
|
Then do the following:
|
|
.nf
|
|
. provide a scheduling boost and tiny delay via:
|
|
nice -n -10 \*(We -d.09
|
|
. keep sorted column highlighting \*F so as to
|
|
minimize path length
|
|
. turn \*O reverse row highlighting for emphasis
|
|
. try various sort columns (TIME/MEM work well),
|
|
and normal or reverse sorts to bring the most
|
|
active processes into view
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
What you'll see is a very busy Linux doing what he's always done for you,
|
|
but there was no program available to illustrate this.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
Under an xterm using `white-on-black' colors, on \*(We's Color Mapping screen
|
|
set the task color to black and be sure that task highlighting is set to bold,
|
|
not reverse.
|
|
Then set the delay interval to around .3 seconds.
|
|
|
|
After bringing the most active processes into view, what you'll see are
|
|
the ghostly images of just the currently running tasks.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
Delete the existing rcfile, or create a new symlink.
|
|
Start this new version then type `T' (a secret key,
|
|
\*(Xt 4c. Task Area Commands, SORTING) followed by `W' and `q'.
|
|
Finally, restart the program with \-d0 (zero delay).
|
|
|
|
Your display will be refreshed at three times the rate of the former \*(We,
|
|
a 300% speed advantage.
|
|
As \*(We climbs the TIME ladder, be as patient as you can while speculating
|
|
on whether or not \*(We will ever reach the \*(We.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 7b. Bouncing Windows
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
For these stupid tricks, \*(We needs \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
With 3 or 4 \*(TDs visible, pick any window other than the last
|
|
and turn idle processes \*F using the `i' \*(CT.
|
|
Depending on where you applied `i', sometimes several \*(TDs are bouncing and
|
|
sometimes it's like an accordion, as \*(We tries his best to allocate space.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
Set each window's summary lines differently: one with no memory ('m'); another
|
|
with no states ('t'); maybe one with nothing at all, just the message line.
|
|
Then hold down `a' or `w' and watch a variation on bouncing windows \*(Em
|
|
hopping windows.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
Display all 4 windows and for each, in turn, set idle processes to \*F using
|
|
the `i' \*(CT.
|
|
You've just entered the "extreme bounce" zone.
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 7c. The Big Bird Window
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
This stupid trick also requires \*(AM.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
Display all 4 windows and make sure that 1:Def is the \*(CW.
|
|
Then, keep increasing window size with the `n' \*(CI until all the other
|
|
\*(TDs are "pushed out of the nest".
|
|
|
|
When they've all been displaced, toggle between all visible/invisible windows
|
|
using the `_' \*(CT.
|
|
Then ponder this:
|
|
.br
|
|
is \*(We fibbing or telling honestly your imposed truth?
|
|
|
|
.\" ......................................................................
|
|
.SS 7d. The Ol' Switcheroo
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
This stupid trick works best without \*(AM, since justification is active
|
|
on a per window basis.
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu 3
|
|
Start \*(We and make COMMAND the last (rightmost) column displayed.
|
|
If necessary, use the `c' \*(CT to display command lines and ensure
|
|
that forest view mode is active with the `V' \*(CT.
|
|
|
|
Then use the up/down arrow keys to position the display so that some
|
|
truncated command lines are shown ('+' in last position).
|
|
You may have to resize your xterm to produce truncation.
|
|
|
|
Lastly, use the `j' \*(CT to make the COMMAND column right justified.
|
|
|
|
Now use the right arrow key to reach the COMMAND column.
|
|
Continuing with the right arrow key, watch closely the direction
|
|
of travel for the command lines being shown.
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
some lines travel left, while others travel right
|
|
|
|
eventually all lines will Switcheroo, and move right
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 8. BUGS
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
To report bugs, follow the instructions at:
|
|
http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 9. HISTORY Former top
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
The original \*(We was written by Roger Binns,
|
|
based on Branko Lankester's <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl> ps program.
|
|
|
|
Robert Nation <nation@rocket.sanders.lockheed.com>
|
|
adapted it for the proc file system.
|
|
|
|
Helmut Geyer <Helmut.Geyer@iwr.uni-heidelberg.de>
|
|
added support for configurable fields.
|
|
|
|
Plus many other individuals contributed over the years.
|
|
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 10. AUTHOR
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
This entirely new and enhanced replacement was written by:
|
|
Jim Warner, <james.warner@comcast.net>
|
|
.ig
|
|
( as a means to learn Linux, can you believe it? )
|
|
( & he accidentally learned a little groff, too! )
|
|
( then after ten years he did it all over again! )
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
With invaluable help from:
|
|
Craig Small, <csmall@enc.com.au>
|
|
.\" Craig Small. <csmall-procps@enc.com.au>
|
|
.\" Craig Small, <csmall@debian.org>
|
|
.\" Craig Small, <csmall@small.dropbear.id.au>
|
|
Albert Cahalan, <albert@users.sf.net>
|
|
|
|
\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH 11. SEE Also
|
|
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.BR free (1),
|
|
.BR ps (1),
|
|
.BR uptime (1),
|
|
.BR atop (1),
|
|
.BR slabtop (1),
|
|
.BR vmstat (8),
|
|
.BR w (1).
|