137 lines
5.0 KiB
Groff
137 lines
5.0 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (u31b3hs@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de), Fri Apr 2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993
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.\"
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.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
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.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
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.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
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.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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.\"
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.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
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.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
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.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
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.\" intermediate and printed output.
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.\"
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.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
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.\"
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.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
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.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
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.\" USA.
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.\"
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.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 10:46:28 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
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.\" Modified Sun Aug 21 18:12:27 1994 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
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.\" Modified Sun Jun 18 01:53:57 1995 by Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
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.\" Modified Mon Jan 5 20:24:40 MET 1998 by Michael Haardt
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.\" (michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de)
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.TH PASSWD 5 "$Date: 2003/04/28 02:17:55 $" "" "æÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×"
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.SH îáú÷áîéå
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passwd \- ÆÁÊÌ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ
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.SH ïðéóáîéå
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.B Passwd
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-- ÜÔÏ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
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ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÁËÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÁË
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ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ, ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ,
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ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÕÀ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÕ É Ô. Ä. þÁÓÔÏ × ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ
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ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ. üÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
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ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ×ÓÅÍ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ (ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
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.BR ls (1)
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ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏ× É ÉÍÅÎ
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ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ), ÎÏ ÚÁÐÉÓØ × ÎÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÁ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ.
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.PP
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÷ ÓÔÁÒÙÅ ÄÏÂÒÙÅ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÁ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ó ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÓÔØÀ ÜÔÏÇÏ
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ÆÁÊÌÁ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÍÉÒÕ. ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÍÏÇ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ
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ÐÁÒÏÌØ, ÎÏ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÉËÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏÊ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÚÌÏÍÁÔØ
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ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ É, ÂÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÏÍ ÂÙÌÏ
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ÄÒÕÖÅÌÀÂÉÅ ÓÒÅÄÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ. óÅÊÞÁÓ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÔÕ ÉÌÉ ÉÎÕÀ
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×ÅÒÓÉÀ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔÁ ÔÅÎÅ×ÙÈ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ, ÇÄÅ
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.I /etc/passwd
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ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÉ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ, Á ÓÁÍÉ ÜÔÉ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ
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ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ ×
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.I /etc/shadow\fR,
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ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ.
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.PP
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îÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÌÉ ÔÅÎÅ×ÙÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ, ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ
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ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÕ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ,
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ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÐÏÄ
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Ó×ÏÉÍ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÍ. (ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÎÉÖÅ úáíåþáîéñ).
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.PP
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åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÕÞÅÔÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ, ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ × ÐÏÌÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ
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Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÕ, ÚÁÔÅÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
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.BR passwd (1),
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ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ.
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.PP
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ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ, Á ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ
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ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
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.sp
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.RS
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account:password:UID:GID:GECOS:directory:shell
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.RE
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.sp
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÷ÏÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÌÅÊ:
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.sp
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.RS
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.TP 1.0in
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.I account
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ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ. ïÎÏ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÚÁÇÌÁ×ÎÙÈ ÂÕË×.
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.TP
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.I password
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ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÌÉ Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÁ.
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.TP
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.I UID
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ÃÉÆÒÏ×ÏÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.
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.TP
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.I GID
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ÃÉÆÒÏ×ÏÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.
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.TP
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.I GECOS
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üÔÏ ÐÏÌÅ ÎÅÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÃÅÌÅÊ.
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ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÚÄÅÓØ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ. GECOS ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ
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General Electric Comprehensive Operating System, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÂÙÌÁ
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ÐÅÒÅÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÎÁ × GCOS, ËÏÇÄÁ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ
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General Electric ÂÙÌÏ ÐÒÏÄÁÎÏ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ Honeywell. äÅÎÉÓ òÉÞÉ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÌ:
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"éÎÏÇÄÁ ÍÙ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÌÉ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÓÐÅÞÁÔËÉ ÉÌÉ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÚÁÄÁÞ ÄÌÑ ÐÁËÅÔÎÏÊ
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ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó GCOS. ÷ ÐÏÌÅ GCOS × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ ÐÒÑÔÁÌÁÓØ
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ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÄÌÑ $IDENTcard. îÅ ÜÌÅÇÁÎÔÎÏ."
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.TP
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.I directory
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ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ($HOME).
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.TP
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.I shell
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ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ×ÈÏÄÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ (ÅÓÌÉ ÚÄÅÓØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ
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ÎÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÏ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
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.BR /bin/sh ).
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åÓÌÉ ÚÄÅÓØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ ÎÅÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ, ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÅ
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ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
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.BR login (1).
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.RE
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.SH úáíåþáîéå
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åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÔÏ ÉÈ GID ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ
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ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×Ù, Á × ÆÁÊÌÅ \fI/etc/group\fP, ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓØ Ï ÜÔÏÊ
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ÇÒÕÐÐÅ, ÉÌÉ ÖÅ ÜÔÁ ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ.
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.PP
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åÓÌÉ × ÐÏÌÅ Ó ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÍ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÁ, ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
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ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
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.BR login (1),
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ÎÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
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.BR rlogin (1),
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×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ É ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÅ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
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.BR rsh (1),
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.BR cron (1),
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.BR at (1)
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ÉÌÉ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÈ ÆÉÌØÔÒÏ×, É Ô. Ð. ðÏÐÙÔËÁ ÚÁÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÞÅÔÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ,
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ÉÚÍÅÎÑÑ ÐÏÌÅ shell, ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÔ Ë ÔÅÍ ÖÅ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁÍ, É ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ
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ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
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.BR su (1).
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.SH æáêìù
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.I /etc/passwd
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.SH "óíïôòé ôáëöå"
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.BR passwd (1),
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.BR login (1),
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.BR su (1),
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.BR group (5),
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.BR shadow (5)
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.SH ðåòå÷ïä
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ðÅÒÅ×ÏÄ Copyright (C) Alexey Mahotkin <alexm@hsys.msk.ru> 1999
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