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Drop hurd specific dependency on libc0.3 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-12). It is

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no longer needed according to Michael Bunk.  Patch from Michael
Biebl.
This commit is contained in:
Petter Reinholdtsen
2009-09-10 08:28:49 +00:00
commit 2fe47a3c9f
63 changed files with 13017 additions and 0 deletions
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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2003 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH BOOTLOGD 8 "Jul 21, 2003" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
bootlogd \- record boot messages
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B /sbin/bootlogd
.RB [ \-c ]
.RB [ \-d ]
.RB [ \-r ]
.RB [ \-s ]
.RB [ \-v ]
.RB [ " -l logfile " ]
.RB [ " -p pidfile " ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBBootlogd\fP runs in the background and copies all strings sent to the
\fI/dev/console\fP device to a logfile. If the logfile is not accessible,
the messages will be kept in memory until it is.
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB\-d\fP
Do not fork and run in the background.
.IP \fB\-c\fP
Attempt to write to the logfile even if it does not yet exist.
Without this option,
.B bootlogd
will wait for the logfile to appear before attempting to write to it.
This behavior prevents bootlogd from creating logfiles under mount points.
.IP \fB\-r\fP
If there is an existing logfile called \fIlogfile\fP rename it to
\fIlogfile~\fP unless \fIlogfile~\fP already exists.
.IP \fB\-s\fP
Ensure that the data is written to the file after each line by calling
.BR fdatasync (3).
This will slow down a
.BR fsck (8)
process running in parallel.
.IP \fB\-v\fP
Show version.
.IP "\fB\-l\fP \fIlogfile\fP"
Log to this logfile. The default is \fI/var/log/boot\fP.
.IP "\fB\-p\fP \fIpidfile\fP"
Put process-id in this file. The default is no pidfile.
.SH BUGS
Bootlogd works by redirecting the console output from the console device.
(Consequently \fBbootlogd\fP requires PTY support in the kernel configuration.)
It copies that output to the real console device and to a log file.
There is no standard way of ascertaining the real console device
if you have a new-style \fI/dev/console\fP device (major 5, minor 1)
so \fBbootlogd\fP parses the kernel command line looking for
\fBconsole=...\fP lines and deduces the real console device from that.
If that syntax is ever changed by the kernel, or a console type is used that
\fBbootlogd\fP does not know about then \fBbootlogd\fP will not work.
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR dmesg (8), fdatasync (3).

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-1999 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH BOOTLOGD 8 "Aug 24, 1999" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
bootlogd \- record boot messages
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B /sbin/bootlogd
.RB [ \-d ]
.RB [ \-r ]
.RB [ \-v ]
.RB [ " -l logfile " ]
.RB [ " -p pidfile " ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBBootlogd\fP runs in the background and copies all strings sent to the
\fI/dev/console\fP device to a logfile. If the logfile is not accessible,
the messages will be buffered in-memory until it is.
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB\-d\fP
Do not fork and run in the background.
.IP \fB\-r\fP
If there is an existing logfile called \fIlogfile\fP rename it to
\fIlogfile~\fP unless \fIlogfile~\fP already exists.
.IP \fB\-v\fP
Show version.
.IP \fB\-l logfile\fP
Log to this logfile. The default is \fI/var/log/boot.log\fP.
.IP \fB\-p pidfile\fP
Put process-id in this file. The default is no pidfile.
.SH NOTES
There is no standard way to find out the real console device if you have
a new-style \fI/dev/console\fP device (major 5, minor 1). \fBBootlogd\fP
might have some difficulties to do this, especially under very old
or very new kernels.
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR dmesg (8)

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2001 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.\"{{{}}}
.\"{{{ Title
.TH HALT 8 "Nov 6, 2001" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Name
.SH NAME
halt, reboot, poweroff \- stop the system.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Synopsis
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B /sbin/halt
.RB [ \-n ]
.RB [ \-w ]
.RB [ \-d ]
.RB [ \-f ]
.RB [ \-i ]
.RB [ \-p ]
.RB [ \-h ]
.br
.B /sbin/reboot
.RB [ \-n ]
.RB [ \-w ]
.RB [ \-d ]
.RB [ \-f ]
.RB [ \-i ]
.br
.B /sbin/poweroff
.RB [ \-n ]
.RB [ \-w ]
.RB [ \-d ]
.RB [ \-f ]
.RB [ \-i ]
.RB [ \-h ]
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Description
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBHalt\fP notes that the system is being brought down in the file
\fI/var/log/wtmp\fP, and then either tells the kernel to halt, reboot or
power-off the system.
.PP
If \fBhalt\fP or \fBreboot\fP is called when the system is
\fInot\fP in runlevel \fB0\fP or \fB6\fP, in other words when it's running
normally, \fBshutdown\fP will be invoked instead (with the \fB-h\fP
or \fB-r\fP flag). For more info see the \fBshutdown\fP(8)
manpage.
.PP
The rest of this manpage describes the behaviour in runlevels 0
and 6, that is when the systems shutdown scripts are being run.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Options
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB\-n\fP
Don't sync before reboot or halt. Note that the kernel and storage
drivers may still sync.
.IP \fB\-w\fP
Don't actually reboot or halt but only write the wtmp record
(in the \fI/var/log/wtmp\fP file).
.IP \fB\-d\fP
Don't write the wtmp record. The \fB\-n\fP flag implies \fB\-d\fP.
.IP \fB\-f\fP
Force halt or reboot, don't call \fBshutdown\fP(8).
.IP \fB\-i\fP
Shut down all network interfaces just before halt or reboot.
.IP \fB\-h\fP
Put all hard drives on the system in stand-by mode just before halt or power-off.
.IP \fB\-p\fP
When halting the system, switch off the power. This is the default when halt is
called as \fBpoweroff\fP.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Diagnostics
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If you're not the superuser, you will get the message `must be superuser'.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Notes
.SH NOTES
Under older \fBsysvinit\fP releases , \fBreboot\fP and \fBhalt\fP should
never be called directly. From release 2.74 on \fBhalt\fP and \fBreboot\fP
invoke \fBshutdown\fP(8) if the system is not in runlevel 0 or 6. This
means that if \fBhalt\fP or \fBreboot\fP cannot find out the current
runlevel (for example, when \fI/var/run/utmp\fP hasn't been initialized
correctly) \fBshutdown\fP will be called, which might not be what you want.
Use the \fB-f\fP flag if you want to do a hard \fBhalt\fP or \fBreboot\fP.
.PP
The \fB-h\fP flag puts all hard disks in standby mode just before halt
or power-off. Right now this is only implemented for IDE drives. A side
effect of putting the drive in stand-by mode is that the write cache
on the disk is flushed. This is important for IDE drives, since the
kernel doesn't flush the write cache itself before power-off.
.PP
The \fBhalt\fP program uses /proc/ide/hd* to find all IDE disk devices,
which means that \fI/proc\fP needs to be mounted when \fBhalt\fP or
\fBpoweroff\fP is called or the \fB-h\fP switch will do nothing.
.PP
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Author
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ See also
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR shutdown (8),
.BR init (8)
.\"}}}

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2004 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.\"{{{}}}
.\"{{{ Title
.TH INIT 8 "29 Jul 2004" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Name
.SH NAME
init, telinit \- process control initialization
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Synopsis
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B /sbin/init
.RB [ " -a " ]
.RB [ " -s " ]
.RB [ " -b " ]
[ \fB\-z\fP \fIxxx\fP ]
.RB [ " 0123456Ss " ]
.br
.B /sbin/telinit
[ \fB\-t\fP \fISECONDS\fP ]
.RB [ " 0123456sSQqabcUu " ]
.br
.B /sbin/telinit
[ \fB\-e\fP \fIVAR\fP[\fB=\fP\fIVAL\fP] ]
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Description
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\"{{{ init
.SS Init
.B Init
is the parent of all processes. Its primary role is to create processes
from a script stored in the file \fB/etc/inittab\fP (see
\fIinittab\fP(5)). This file usually has entries which cause \fBinit\fP
to spawn \fBgetty\fPs on each line that users can log in. It also
controls autonomous processes required by any particular system.
.PP
.\"{{{ Runlevels
.SH RUNLEVELS
A \fIrunlevel\fP is a software configuration of the system which allows
only a selected group of processes to exist. The processes spawned by
\fBinit\fP for each of these runlevels are defined in the
\fB/etc/inittab\fP file. \fBInit\fP can be in one of eight runlevels:
\fB0\(en6\fP and \fBS\fP or \fBs\fP. The runlevel is
changed by having a privileged user run \fBtelinit\fP, which sends
appropriate signals to \fBinit\fP, telling it which runlevel to change
to.
.PP
Runlevels \fB0\fP, \fB1\fP, and \fB6\fP are reserved. Runlevel 0 is used to
halt the system, runlevel 6 is used to reboot the system, and runlevel
1 is used to get the system down into single user mode. Runlevel \fBS\fP
is not really meant to be used directly, but more for the scripts that are
executed when entering runlevel 1. For more information on this,
see the manpages for \fBshutdown\fP(8) and \fBinittab\fP(5).
.PP
Runlevels 7-9 are also valid, though not really documented. This is
because "traditional" Unix variants don't use them.
In case you're curious, runlevels \fIS\fP and \fIs\fP are in fact the same.
Internally they are aliases for the same runlevel.
.\"}}}
.PP
.SH BOOTING
After \fBinit\fP is invoked as the last step of the kernel boot sequence,
it looks for the file \fB/etc/inittab\fP to see if there is an entry of the
type \fBinitdefault\fP (see \fIinittab\fP(5)). The \fBinitdefault\fP entry
determines the initial runlevel of the system. If there is no such
entry (or no \fB/etc/inittab\fP at all), a runlevel must be
entered at the system console.
.PP
Runlevel \fBS\fP or \fBs\fP bring the system to single user mode
and do not require an \fB/etc/inittab\fP file. In single user mode,
\fB/sbin/sulogin\fP is invoked on \fB/dev/console\fP.
.PP
When entering single user mode, \fBinit\fP initializes the consoles
\fBstty\fP settings to sane values. Clocal mode is set. Hardware
speed and handshaking are not changed.
.PP
When entering a multi-user mode for the first time, \fBinit\fP performs the
\fBboot\fP and \fBbootwait\fP entries to allow file systems to be
mounted before users can log in. Then all entries matching the runlevel
are processed.
.PP
When starting a new process, \fBinit\fP first checks whether the file
\fI/etc/initscript\fP exists. If it does, it uses this script to
start the process.
.PP
Each time a child terminates, \fBinit\fP records the fact and the reason
it died in \fB/var/run/utmp\fP and \fB/var/log/wtmp\fP,
provided that these files exist.
.SH CHANGING RUNLEVELS
After it has spawned all of the processes specified, \fBinit\fP waits
for one of its descendant processes to die, a powerfail signal, or until
it is signaled by \fBtelinit\fP to change the system's runlevel.
When one of the above three conditions occurs, it re-examines
the \fB/etc/inittab\fP file. New entries can be added to this file at
any time. However, \fBinit\fP still waits for one of the above three
conditions to occur. To provide for an instantaneous response, the
\fBtelinit Q\fP or \fBq\fP command can wake up \fBinit\fP to re-examine the
\fB/etc/inittab\fP file.
.PP
If \fBinit\fP is not in single user mode and receives a powerfail
signal (SIGPWR), it reads the file \fB/etc/powerstatus\fP. It then starts
a command based on the contents of this file:
.IP F(AIL)
Power is failing, UPS is providing the power. Execute the \fBpowerwait\fP
and \fBpowerfail\fP entries.
.IP O(K)
The power has been restored, execute the \fBpowerokwait\fP entries.
.IP L(OW)
The power is failing and the UPS has a low battery. Execute the
\fBpowerfailnow\fP entries.
.PP
If /etc/powerstatus doesn't exist or contains anything else then the
letters \fBF\fP, \fBO\fP or \fBL\fP, init will behave as if it has read
the letter \fBF\fP.
.PP
Usage of \fBSIGPWR\fP and \fB/etc/powerstatus\fP is discouraged. Someone
wanting to interact with \fBinit\fP should use the \fB/dev/initctl\fP
control channel - see the source code of the \fBsysvinit\fP package
for more documentation about this.
.PP
When \fBinit\fP is requested to change the runlevel, it sends the
warning signal \s-1\fBSIGTERM\fP\s0 to all processes that are undefined
in the new runlevel. It then waits 5 seconds before forcibly
terminating these processes via the \s-1\fBSIGKILL\fP\s0 signal.
Note that \fBinit\fP assumes that all these processes (and their
descendants) remain in the same process group which \fBinit\fP
originally created for them. If any process changes its process group
affiliation it will not receive these signals. Such processes need to
be terminated separately.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ telinit
.SH TELINIT
\fB/sbin/telinit\fP is linked to \fB/sbin/init\fP. It takes a
one-character argument and signals \fBinit\fP to perform the appropriate
action. The following arguments serve as directives to
\fBtelinit\fP:
.IP "\fB0\fP,\fB1\fP,\fB2\fP,\fB3\fP,\fB4\fP,\fB5\fP or \fB6\fP"
tell \fBinit\fP to switch to the specified run level.
.IP \fBa\fP,\fBb\fP,\fBc\fP
tell \fBinit\fP to process only those \fB/etc/inittab\fP file
entries having runlevel \fBa\fP,\fBb\fP or \fBc\fP.
.IP "\fBQ\fP or \fBq\fP"
tell \fBinit\fP to re-examine the \fB/etc/inittab\fP file.
.IP "\fBS\fP or \fBs\fP"
tell \fBinit\fP to switch to single user mode.
.IP "\fBU\fP or \fBu\fP"
tell \fBinit\fP to re-execute itself (preserving the state). No re-examining of
\fB/etc/inittab\fP file happens. Run level should be one of
\fBSs0123456\fP
otherwise request would be silently ignored.
.PP
\fBtelinit\fP can tell \fBinit\fP how long it should wait
between sending processes the SIGTERM and SIGKILL signals. The default
is 5 seconds, but this can be changed with the \fB-t\fP option.
.PP
\fBtelinit -e\fP tells \fBinit\fP to change the environment
for processes it spawns.
The argument of \fB-e\fP is either of the form \fIVAR\fP=\fIVAL\fP
which sets variable \fIVAR\fP to value \fIVAL\fP,
or of the form \fIVAR\fP
(without an equality sign)
which unsets variable \fIVAR\fP.
.PP
\fBtelinit\fP can be invoked only by users with appropriate
privileges.
.PP
The \fBinit\fP binary checks if it is \fBinit\fP or \fBtelinit\fP by looking
at its \fIprocess id\fP; the real \fBinit\fP's process id is always \fB1\fP.
From this it follows that instead of calling \fBtelinit\fP one can also
just use \fBinit\fP instead as a shortcut.
.\"}}}
.\"}}}
.SH ENVIRONMENT
\fBInit\fP sets the following environment variables for all its children:
.IP \fBPATH\fP
\fI/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin\fP
.IP \fBINIT_VERSION\fP
As the name says. Useful to determine if a script runs directly from \fBinit\fP.
.IP \fBRUNLEVEL\fP
The current system runlevel.
.IP \fBPREVLEVEL\fP
The previous runlevel (useful after a runlevel switch).
.IP \fBCONSOLE\fP
The system console. This is really inherited from the kernel; however
if it is not set \fBinit\fP will set it to \fB/dev/console\fP by default.
.SH BOOTFLAGS
It is possible to pass a number of flags to \fBinit\fP from the
boot monitor (eg. LILO). \fBInit\fP accepts the following flags:
.TP 0.5i
.B -s, S, single
Single user mode boot. In this mode \fI/etc/inittab\fP is
examined and the bootup rc scripts are usually run before
the single user mode shell is started.
.PP
.TP 0.5i
.B 1-5
Runlevel to boot into.
.PP
.TP 0.5i
.B -b, emergency
Boot directly into a single user shell without running any
other startup scripts.
.PP
.TP 0.5i
.B -a, auto
The LILO boot loader adds the word "auto" to the command line if it
booted the kernel with the default command line (without user intervention).
If this is found \fBinit\fP sets the "AUTOBOOT" environment
variable to "yes". Note that you cannot use this for any security
measures - of course the user could specify "auto" or \-a on the
command line manually.
.PP
.TP 0.5i
.BI "-z " xxx
The argument to \fB-z\fP is ignored. You can use this to expand the command
line a bit, so that it takes some more space on the stack. \fBInit\fP
can then manipulate the command line so that \fBps\fP(1) shows
the current runlevel.
.PP
.SH INTERFACE
Init listens on a \fIfifo\fP in /dev, \fI/dev/initctl\fP, for messages.
\fBTelinit\fP uses this to communicate with init. The interface is not
very well documented or finished. Those interested should study the
\fIinitreq.h\fP file in the \fIsrc/\fP subdirectory of the \fBinit\fP
source code tar archive.
.SH SIGNALS
Init reacts to several signals:
.TP 0.5i
.B SIGHUP
Has the same effect as \fBtelinit q\fP.
.PP
.TP 0.5i
.B SIGUSR1
On receipt of this signals, init closes and re-opens its control fifo,
\fB/dev/initctl\fP. Useful for bootscripts when /dev is remounted.
.TP 0.5i
.B SIGINT
Normally the kernel sends this signal to init when CTRL-ALT-DEL is
pressed. It activates the \fIctrlaltdel\fP action.
.TP 0.5i
.B SIGWINCH
The kernel sends this signal when the \fIKeyboardSignal\fP key is hit.
It activates the \fIkbrequest\fP action.
\"{{{ Conforming to
.SH CONFORMING TO
\fBInit\fP is compatible with the System V init. It works closely
together with the scripts in the directories
\fI/etc/init.d\fP and \fI/etc/rc{runlevel}.d\fP.
If your system uses this convention, there should be a \fIREADME\fP
file in the directory \fI/etc/init.d\fP explaining how these scripts work.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Files
.SH FILES
.nf
/etc/inittab
/etc/initscript
/dev/console
/var/run/utmp
/var/log/wtmp
/dev/initctl
.fi
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Warnings
.SH WARNINGS
\fBInit\fP assumes that processes and descendants of processes
remain in the same process group which was originally created
for them. If the processes change their group, \fBinit\fP can't
kill them and you may end up with two processes reading from one
terminal line.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Diagnostics
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If \fBinit\fP finds that it is continuously respawning an entry
more than 10 times in 2 minutes, it will assume that there is an error
in the command string, generate an error message on the system console,
and refuse to respawn this entry until either 5 minutes has elapsed or
it receives a signal. This prevents it from eating up system resources
when someone makes a typographical error in the \fB/etc/inittab\fP file
or the program for the entry is removed.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Author
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg (miquels@cistron.nl), initial manual
page by Michael Haardt (u31b3hs@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de).
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ See also
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR getty (1),
.BR login (1),
.BR sh (1),
.BR runlevel (8),
.BR shutdown(8),
.BR kill (1),
.BR inittab (5),
.BR initscript (5),
.BR utmp (5)
.\"}}}

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2003 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH INITSCRIPT 5 "July 10, 2003" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
initscript \- script that executes inittab commands.
.SH SYNOPSIS
/bin/sh /etc/initscript id runlevels action process
.SH DESCRIPTION
When the shell script \fI/etc/initscript\fP is present, \fBinit\fP
will use it to execute the commands from \fIinittab\fP.
This script can be used to set things like \fBulimit\fP and
\fBumask\fP default values for every process.
.SH EXAMPLES
This is a sample initscript, which might be installed on your
system as \fI/etc/initscript.sample\fP.
.RS
.sp
.nf
.ne 7
#
# initscript Executed by init(8) for every program it
# wants to spawn like this:
#
# /bin/sh /etc/initscript <id> <level> <action> <process>
#
# Set umask to safe level, and enable core dumps.
umask 022
ulimit -c 2097151
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
export PATH
# Increase the hard file descriptor limit for all processes
# to 8192. The soft limit is still 1024, but any unprivileged
# process can increase its soft limit up to the hard limit
# with "ulimit -Sn xxx" (needs a 2.2.13 or later Linux kernel).
ulimit -Hn 8192
# Execute the program.
eval exec "$4"
.sp
.RE
.SH NOTES
This script is not meant as startup script for daemons or somesuch.
It has nothing to do with a \fIrc.local\fP style script. It's just
a handler for things executed from \fB/etc/inittab\fP. Experimenting
with this can make your system un(re)bootable.
.RE
.SH FILES
/etc/inittab,
/etc/initscript.
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg ,<miquels@cistron.nl>
.SH "SEE ALSO"
init(8), inittab(5).

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2001 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.\"{{{}}}
.\"{{{ Title
.TH INITTAB 5 "Dec 4, 2001" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Name
.SH NAME
inittab \- format of the inittab file used by the sysv-compatible init
process
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Description
.SH DESCRIPTION
The \fBinittab\fP file describes which processes are started at bootup and
during normal operation (e.g.\& /etc/init.d/boot, /etc/init.d/rc, gettys...).
.BR Init (8)
distinguishes multiple \fIrunlevels\fP, each of which can have its own set of
processes that are started. Valid runlevels are \fB0\fP\-\fB6\fP plus
\fBA\fP, \fBB\fP, and \fBC\fP for \fBondemand\fP entries. An entry in the
\fBinittab\fP file has the following format:
.RS
.sp
\fIid\fP:\fIrunlevels\fP:\fIaction\fP:\fIprocess\fP
.sp
.RE
Lines beginning with `#' are ignored.
.\"{{{ id
.IP \fIid\fP
is a unique sequence of 1-4 characters which identifies an entry in
.B inittab
(for versions of sysvinit compiled with the \fIold\fP libc5 (< 5.2.18) or
a.out libraries the limit is 2 characters).
.sp
Note: traditionally, for getty and other login processes, the value of the
\fIid\fP field is kept the same as the suffix of the corresponding tty, e.g.\&
\fB1\fP for \fBtty1\fP. Some ancient login accounting programs might
expect this, though I can't think of any.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ runlevels
.IP \fIrunlevels\fP
lists the runlevels for which the specified action should be taken.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ action
.IP \fIaction\fP
describes which action should be taken.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ process
.IP \fIprocess\fP
specifies the process to be executed. If the process field starts with
a `+' character,
.B init
will not do utmp and wtmp accounting for that process. This is needed for
gettys that insist on doing their own utmp/wtmp housekeeping. This is also
a historic bug.
.\"}}}
.PP
The \fIrunlevels\fP field may contain multiple characters for different
runlevels. For example, \fB123\fP specifies that the process should be
started in runlevels 1, 2, and 3.
The \fIrunlevels\fP for \fBondemand\fP entries may contain an \fBA\fP,
\fBB\fP, or \fBC\fP. The \fIrunlevels\fP field of \fBsysinit\fP,
\fBboot\fP, and \fBbootwait\fP entries are ignored.
.PP
When the system runlevel is changed, any running processes that are not
specified for the new runlevel are killed, first with \s-2SIGTERM\s0,
then with \s-2SIGKILL\s0.
.PP
Valid actions for the \fIaction\fP field are:
.\"{{{ respawn
.IP \fBrespawn\fP
The process will be restarted whenever it terminates (e.g.\& getty).
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ wait
.IP \fBwait\fP
The process will be started once when the specified runlevel is entered and
.B init
will wait for its termination.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ once
.IP \fBonce\fP
The process will be executed once when the specified runlevel is
entered.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ boot
.IP \fBboot\fP
The process will be executed during system boot. The \fIrunlevels\fP
field is ignored.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ bootwait
.IP \fBbootwait\fP
The process will be executed during system boot, while
.B init
waits for its termination (e.g.\& /etc/rc).
The \fIrunlevels\fP field is ignored.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ off
.IP \fBoff\fP
This does nothing.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ ondemand
.IP \fBondemand\fP
A process marked with an \fBondemand\fP runlevel will be executed
whenever the specified \fBondemand\fP runlevel is called. However, no
runlevel change will occur (\fBondemand\fP runlevels are `a', `b',
and `c').
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ initdefault
.IP \fBinitdefault\fP
An \fBinitdefault\fP entry specifies the runlevel which should be
entered after system boot. If none exists,
.B init
will ask for a runlevel on the console. The \fIprocess\fP field is ignored.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ sysinit
.IP \fBsysinit\fP
The process will be executed during system boot. It will be
executed before any \fBboot\fP or \fB bootwait\fP entries.
The \fIrunlevels\fP field is ignored.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ powerwait
.IP \fBpowerwait\fP
The process will be executed when the power goes down. Init is usually
informed about this by a process talking to a UPS connected to the computer.
\fBInit\fP will wait for the process to finish before continuing.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ powerfail
.IP \fBpowerfail\fP
As for \fBpowerwait\fP, except that \fBinit\fP does not wait for the process's
completion.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ powerokwait
.IP \fBpowerokwait\fP
This process will be executed as soon as \fBinit\fP is informed that the
power has been restored.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ powerfailnow
.IP \fBpowerfailnow\fP
This process will be executed when \fBinit\fP is told that the battery of
the external UPS is almost empty and the power is failing (provided that the
external UPS and the monitoring process are able to detect this condition).
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ ctrlaltdel
.IP \fBctrlaltdel\fP
The process will be executed when \fBinit\fP receives the SIGINT signal.
This means that someone on the system console has pressed the
\fBCTRL\-ALT\-DEL\fP key combination. Typically one wants to execute some
sort of \fBshutdown\fP either to get into single\-user level or to
reboot the machine.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ kbrequest
.IP \fBkbrequest\fP
The process will be executed when \fBinit\fP receives a signal from the
keyboard handler that a special key combination was pressed on the
console keyboard.
.sp
The documentation for this function is not complete yet; more documentation
can be found in the kbd-x.xx packages (most recent was kbd-0.94 at
the time of this writing). Basically you want to map some keyboard
combination to the "KeyboardSignal" action. For example, to map Alt-Uparrow
for this purpose use the following in your keymaps file:
.RS
.sp
alt keycode 103 = KeyboardSignal
.sp
.RE
.\"}}}
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Examples
.SH EXAMPLES
This is an example of a inittab which resembles the old Linux inittab:
.RS
.sp
.nf
.ne 7
# inittab for linux
id:1:initdefault:
rc::bootwait:/etc/rc
1:1:respawn:/etc/getty 9600 tty1
2:1:respawn:/etc/getty 9600 tty2
3:1:respawn:/etc/getty 9600 tty3
4:1:respawn:/etc/getty 9600 tty4
.fi
.sp
.RE
This inittab file executes \fB/etc/rc\fP during boot and starts gettys
on tty1\-tty4.
.PP
A more elaborate \fBinittab\fP with different runlevels (see the comments
inside):
.RS
.sp
.nf
.ne 19
# Level to run in
id:2:initdefault:
# Boot-time system configuration/initialization script.
si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
# What to do in single-user mode.
~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
# /etc/init.d executes the S and K scripts upon change
# of runlevel.
#
# Runlevel 0 is halt.
# Runlevel 1 is single-user.
# Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user.
# Runlevel 6 is reboot.
l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6
# What to do at the "3 finger salute".
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -h now
# Runlevel 2,3: getty on virtual consoles
# Runlevel 3: getty on terminal (ttyS0) and modem (ttyS1)
1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty tty1 VC linux
2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty tty2 VC linux
3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty tty3 VC linux
4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty tty4 VC linux
S0:3:respawn:/sbin/getty -L 9600 ttyS0 vt320
S1:3:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -x0 -D ttyS1
.fi
.sp
.RE
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Files
.SH FILES
/etc/inittab
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Author
.SH AUTHOR
\fBInit\fP was written by Miquel van Smoorenburg
(miquels@cistron.nl). This manual page was written by
Sebastian Lederer (lederer@francium.informatik.uni-bonn.de) and modified
by Michael Haardt (u31b3hs@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de).
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ See also
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR init (8),
.BR telinit (8)
.\"}}}

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2003 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH KILLALL5 8 "04 Nov 2003" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
killall5 -- send a signal to all processes.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B killall5
.RB -signalnumber
.RB [ \-o
.IR omitpid ]
.RB [ \-o
.IR omitpid.. ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B killall5
is the SystemV killall command. It sends a signal to all processes except
kernel threads and the processes in its own session, so it won't kill
the shell that is running the script it was called from. Its primary
(only) use is in the \fBrc\fP scripts found in the /etc/init.d directory.
.SH OPTIONS
.IP "-o \fIomitpid\fP"
Tells \fIkillall5\fP to omit processes with that process id.
.SH NOTES
\fIkillall5\fP can also be invoked as pidof, which is simply a
(symbolic) link to the \fIkillall5\fP program.
.SH EXIT STATUS
The program return zero if it killed processes. It return 2 if no
process were killed, and 1 if it was unable to find any processes
(/proc/ is missing).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR halt (8),
.BR reboot (8),
.BR pidof (8)
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2004 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.\"{{{}}}
.\"{{{ Title
.TH LAST,LASTB 1 "Jul 31, 2004" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Name
.SH NAME
last, lastb \- show listing of last logged in users
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Synopsis
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B last
.RB [ \-R ]
.RB [ \-\fInum\fP ]
.RB "[ \-\fBn\fP \fInum\fP ]"
.RB [ \-adFiox ]
.RB "[ \-\fBf\fP \fIfile\fP ]"
.RB "[ \-\fBt\fP \fIYYYYMMDDHHMMSS\fP ]"
.RI [ name... ]
.RI [ tty... ]
.br
.B lastb
.RB [ \-R ]
.RB [ \-\fInum\fP ]
.RB "[ \-\fBn\fP \fInum\fP ]"
.RB "[ \-\fBf\fP \fIfile\fP ]"
.RB [ \-adFiox ]
.RI [ name... ]
.RI [ tty... ]
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Description
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Last
searches back through the file \fB/var/log/wtmp\fP (or the file
designated by the \fB\-f\fP flag) and displays a list of all
users logged in (and out) since that file was created. Names of users
and tty's can be given, in which case \fBlast\fP will show only those entries
matching the arguments. Names of ttys can be abbreviated, thus \fBlast
0\fP is the same as \fBlast tty0\fP.
.PP
When \fBlast\fP catches a \s-2SIGINT\s0 signal (generated by the interrupt key,
usually control-C) or a \s-2SIGQUIT\s0 signal (generated by the quit key,
usually control-\e), \fBlast\fP will show how far it has searched through the
file; in the case of the \s-2SIGINT\s0 signal \fBlast\fP will then terminate.
.PP
The pseudo user \fBreboot\fP logs in each time the system is rebooted.
Thus \fBlast reboot\fP will show a log of all reboots since the log file
was created.
.PP
\fBLastb\fP is the same as \fBlast\fP, except that by default it shows a log
of the file \fB/var/log/btmp\fP, which contains all the bad login attempts.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Options
.SH OPTIONS
.IP "\fB\-f\fP \fIfile\fP"
Tells \fBlast\fP to use a specific file instead of \fB/var/log/wtmp\fP.
.IP \fB\-\fP\fInum\fP
This is a count telling \fBlast\fP how many lines to show.
.IP "\fB\-n\fP \fInum\fP"
The same.
.IP "\fB\-t\fP \fIYYYYMMDDHHMMSS\fP"
Display the state of logins as of the specified time. This is
useful, e.g., to determine easily who was logged in at a particular
time -- specify that time with \fB\-t\fP and look for "still logged
in".
.IP \fB\-R\fP
Suppresses the display of the hostname field.
.IP \fB\-a\fP
Display the hostname in the last column. Useful in combination
with the next flag.
.IP \fB\-d\fP
For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the remote
host but its IP number as well. This option translates the IP number
back into a hostname.
.IP \fB\-F\fP
Print full login and logout times and dates.
.IP \fB\-i\fP
This option is like \fB-d\fP in that it displays the IP number of the remote
host, but it displays the IP number in numbers-and-dots notation.
.IP \fB\-o\fP
Read an old-type wtmp file (written by linux-libc5 applications).
.IP \fB\-x\fP
Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.
.\"}}}
.SH NOTES
The files \fIwtmp\fP and \fIbtmp\fP might not be found. The system only
logs information in these files if they are present. This is a local
configuration issue. If you want the files to be used, they can be
created with a simple \fBtouch\fP(1) command (for example,
\fItouch /var/log/wtmp\fP).
.\"{{{ Files
.SH FILES
/var/log/wtmp
.br
/var/log/btmp
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Author
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ See also
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR shutdown (8),
.BR login (1),
.BR init (8)
.\"}}}

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.so man1/last.1

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2001 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.\"{{{}}}
.\"{{{ Title
.TH MESG 1 "Feb 26, 2001" "" "Linux User's Manual"
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Name
.SH NAME
mesg \- control write access to your terminal
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Synopsis
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B mesg
.RB [ y | n ]
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Description
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Mesg
controls the access to your terminal by others. It's typically used to
allow or disallow other users to write to your terminal (see \fBwrite\fP(1)).
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Options
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fBy\fP
Allow write access to your terminal.
.IP \fBn\fP
Disallow write access to your terminal.
.PP
If no option is given, \fBmesg\fP prints out the current access state of your
terminal.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Notes
.SH NOTES
\fBMesg\fP assumes that its standard input is connected to your
terminal. That also means that if you are logged in multiple times,
you can get/set the mesg status of other sessions by using redirection.
For example "mesg n < /dev/pts/46".
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg (miquels@cistron.nl)
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ See also
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR talk (1),
.BR write (1),
.BR wall (1)
.\"}}}

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2004 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH MOUNTPOINT 1 "Mar 15, 2004" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
mountpoint \- see if a directory is a mountpoint
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B /bin/mountpoint
.RB [ \-q ]
.RB [ \-d ]
.I /path/to/directory
.br
.B /bin/mountpoint
.RB \-x
.I /dev/device
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBMountpoint\fP checks if the directory is a mountpoint.
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB\-q\fP
Be quiet - don't print anything.
.IP \fB\-d\fP
Print major/minor device number of the filesystem on stdout.
.IP \fB\-x\fP
Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice on stdout.
.SH EXIT STATUS
Zero if the directory is a mountpoint, non-zero if not.
.SH NOTES
Symbolic links are not followed, except when the \fB-x\fP option is
used. To force following symlinks, add a trailing slash to the
path of the directory.
.PP
The name of the command is misleading when the -x option is used,
but the option is useful for comparing if a directory and a device
match up, and there is no other command that can print the info easily.
.PP
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR stat (1)

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH PIDOF 8 "01 Sep 1998" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
pidof -- find the process ID of a running program.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B pidof
.RB [ \-s ]
.RB [ \-c ]
.RB [ \-x ]
.RB [ \-o
.IR omitpid ]
.RB [ \-o
.IR omitpid.. ]
.B program
.RB [ program.. ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Pidof
finds the process id's (pids) of the named programs. It prints those
id's on the standard output. This program is on some systems used in
run-level change scripts, especially when the system has a
\fISystem-V\fP like \fIrc\fP structure. In that case these scripts are
located in /etc/rc?.d, where ? is the runlevel. If the system has
a
.B start-stop-daemon
(8) program that should be used instead.
.SH OPTIONS
.IP -s
Single shot - this instructs the program to only return one \fIpid\fP.
.IP -c
Only return process ids that are running with the same root directory.
This option is ignored for non-root users, as they will be unable to check
the current root directory of processes they do not own.
.IP -x
Scripts too - this causes the program to also return process id's of
shells running the named scripts.
.IP "-o \fIomitpid\fP"
Tells \fIpidof\fP to omit processes with that process id. The special
pid \fB%PPID\fP can be used to name the parent process of the \fIpidof\fP
program, in other words the calling shell or shell script.
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
.TP
.B 0
At least one program was found with the requested name.
.TP
.B 1
No program was found with the requested name.
.SH NOTES
\fIpidof\fP is actually the same program as \fIkillall5\fP;
the program behaves according to the name under which it is called.
.PP
When \fIpidof\fP is invoked with a full pathname to the program it
should find the pid of, it is reasonably safe. Otherwise it is possible
that it returns pids of running programs that happen to have the same name
as the program you're after but are actually other programs.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR shutdown (8),
.BR init (8),
.BR halt (8),
.BR reboot (8),
.BR killall5 (8)
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1997 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH RUNLEVEL 8 "May 27, 1997" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
runlevel -- find the previous and current system runlevel.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B runlevel
.RI [ utmp ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Runlevel
reads the system
.I utmp
file (typically
.IR /var/run/utmp )
to locate the runlevel record, and then
prints the previous and current system runlevel on its standard output,
separated by a single space. If there is no previous system
runlevel, the letter \fBN\fP will be printed instead.
.PP
If no
.I utmp
file exists, or if no runlevel record can be found,
.B runlevel
prints the word \fBunknown\fP and exits with an error.
.PP
.B Runlevel
can be used in \fIrc\fP scripts as a substitute for the System-V
\fBwho -r\fP command.
However, in newer versions of \fBinit\fP(8) this information
is also available in the environment variables \fBRUNLEVEL\fP and
\fBPREVLEVEL\fP.
.SH OPTIONS
.\"{{{ utmp
.IP \fIutmp\fP
The name of the \fIutmp\fP file to read.
.\"}}}
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR init (8),
.BR utmp (5)
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2003 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.\"{{{}}}
.\"{{{ Title
.TH SHUTDOWN 8 "November 12, 2003" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Name
.SH NAME
shutdown \- bring the system down
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Synopsis
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B /sbin/shutdown
.RB [ \-t
.IR sec ]
.RB [ \-arkhncfFHP ]
.I time
.RI [ warning-message ]
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Description
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBshutdown\fP brings the system down in a secure way. All logged-in users are
notified that the system is going down, and \fBlogin\fP(1) is blocked.
It is possible to shut the system down immediately or after a specified delay.
All processes are first notified that the system is going down by the
signal \s-2SIGTERM\s0. This gives programs like \fBvi\fP(1)
the time to save the file being edited,
mail and news processing programs a chance to exit cleanly, etc.
\fBshutdown\fP does its job by signalling the \fBinit\fP process,
asking it to change the runlevel.
Runlevel \fB0\fP is used to halt the system, runlevel \fB6\fP is used
to reboot the system, and runlevel \fB1\fP is used to put to system into
a state where administrative tasks can be performed; this is the default
if neither the \fI-h\fP or \fI-r\fP flag is given to \fBshutdown\fP.
To see which actions are taken on halt or reboot see the appropriate
entries for these runlevels in the file \fI/etc/inittab\fP.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Options
.SH OPTIONS
.\"{{{ -a
.IP "\fB\-a\fP
Use \fB/etc/shutdown.allow\fP.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -t sec
.IP "\fB\-t\fP \fIsec\fP"
Tell \fBinit\fP(8) to wait \fIsec\fP seconds between sending processes the
warning and the kill signal, before changing to another runlevel.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -k
.IP \fB\-k\fP
Don't really shutdown; only send the warning messages to everybody.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -r
.IP \fB\-r\fP
Reboot after shutdown.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -h
.IP \fB\-h\fP
Halt or power off after shutdown.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -H
.IP \fB\-H\fP
Modifier to the -h flag. Halt action is to halt or drop into boot
monitor on systems that support it. Must be used with the -h flag.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -P
.IP \fB\-P\fP
Halt action is to turn off the power.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -n
.IP \fB\-n\fP
[DEPRECATED] Don't call \fBinit\fP(8) to do the shutdown but do it ourself.
The use of this option is discouraged, and its results are not always what
you'd expect.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -f
.IP \fB\-f\fP
Skip fsck on reboot.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -F
.IP \fB\-F\fP
Force fsck on reboot.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ -c
.IP \fB\-c\fP
Cancel an already running shutdown. With this option it is of course
not possible to give the \fBtime\fP argument, but you can enter a
explanatory message on the command line that will be sent to all users.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ time
.IP \fItime\fP
When to shutdown.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ warning-message
.IP \fIwarning-message\fP
Message to send to all users.
.\"}}}
.PP
The \fItime\fP argument can have different formats. First, it can be an
absolute time in the format \fIhh:mm\fP, in which \fIhh\fP is the hour
(1 or 2 digits) and \fImm\fP is the minute of the hour (in two digits).
Second, it can be in the format \fB+\fP\fIm\fP, in which \fIm\fP is the
number of minutes to wait. The word \fBnow\fP is an alias for \fB+0\fP.
.PP
If shutdown is called with a delay, it will create the advisory file
.I /etc/nologin
which causes programs such as \fIlogin(1)\fP to not allow new user
logins. This file is created five minutes before the shutdown sequence
starts. Shutdown removes this file if it is stopped before it
can signal init (i.e. it is cancelled or something goes wrong).
It also removes it before calling init to change the runlevel.
.PP
The \fB\-f\fP flag means `reboot fast'. This only creates an advisory
file \fI/fastboot\fP which can be tested by the system when it comes
up again. The boot rc file can test if this file is present, and decide not
to run \fBfsck\fP(1) since the system has been shut down in the proper way.
After that, the boot process should remove \fI/fastboot\fP.
.PP
The \fB\-F\fP flag means `force fsck'. This only creates an advisory
file \fI/forcefsck\fP which can be tested by the system when it comes
up again. The boot rc file can test if this file is present, and decide
to run \fBfsck\fP(1) with a special `force' flag so that even properly
unmounted file systems get checked.
After that, the boot process should remove \fI/forcefsck\fP.
.PP
The \fB-n\fP flag causes \fBshutdown\fP not to call \fBinit\fP,
but to kill all running processes itself.
\fBshutdown\fP will then turn off quota, accounting, and swapping
and unmount all file systems.
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ Files
.SH ACCESS CONTROL
\fBshutdown\fP can be called from \fBinit\fP(8) when the magic keys
\fBCTRL-ALT-DEL\fP are pressed, by creating an appropriate entry in
\fI/etc/inittab\fP. This means that everyone who has physical access
to the console keyboard can shut the system down. To prevent this,
\fBshutdown\fP can check to see if an authorized user is logged in on
one of the virtual consoles. If \fBshutdown\fP is called with the \fB-a\fP
argument (add this to the invocation of shutdown in /etc/inittab),
it checks to see if the file \fI/etc/shutdown.allow\fP is present.
It then compares the login names in that file with the list of people
that are logged in on a virtual console (from \fI/var/run/utmp\fP). Only
if one of those authorized users \fBor root\fP is logged in, it will
proceed. Otherwise it will write the message
.sp 1
.nf
\fBshutdown: no authorized users logged in\fP
.fi
.sp 1
to the (physical) system console. The format of \fI/etc/shutdown.allow\fP
is one user name per line. Empty lines and comment lines (prefixed by a
\fB#\fP) are allowed. Currently there is a limit of 32 users in this file.
.sp 1
Note that if \fI/etc/shutdown.allow\fP is not present, the \fB-a\fP
argument is ignored.
.SH HALT OR POWEROFF
The \fB-H\fP option just sets the \fIinit\fP environment variable
\fIINIT_HALT\fP to \fIHALT\fP, and the \fB-P\fP option just sets
that variable to \fIPOWEROFF\fP. The shutdown script that calls
\fBhalt\fP(8) as the last thing in the shutdown sequence should
check these environment variables and call \fBhalt\fP(8) with
the right options for these options to actually have any effect.
Debian 3.1 (sarge) supports this.
.SH FILES
.nf
/fastboot
/etc/inittab
/etc/init.d/halt
/etc/init.d/reboot
/etc/shutdown.allow
.fi
.\"}}}
.SH NOTES
A lot of users forget to give the \fItime\fP argument
and are then puzzled by the error message \fBshutdown\fP produces. The
\fItime\fP argument is mandatory; in 90 percent of all cases this argument
will be the word \fBnow\fP.
.PP
Init can only capture CTRL-ALT-DEL and start shutdown in console mode.
If the system is running the X window System, the X server processes
all key strokes. Some X11 environments make it possible to capture
CTRL-ALT-DEL, but what exactly is done with that event depends on
that environment.
.PP
Shutdown wasn't designed to be run setuid. /etc/shutdown.allow is
not used to find out who is executing shutdown, it ONLY checks who
is currently logged in on (one of the) console(s).
.\"{{{ Author
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl
.\"}}}
.\"{{{ See also
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR fsck (8),
.BR init (8),
.BR halt (8),
.BR poweroff (8),
.BR reboot (8)
.\"}}}

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH SULOGIN 8 "17 Jan 2006" "" "Linux System Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
sulogin \- Single-user login
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sulogin
[ \fB\-e\fP ]
[ \fB\-p\fP ]
[ \fB\-t\fP \fISECONDS\fP ]
[ \fITTY\fP ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I sulogin
is invoked by \fBinit(8)\fP when the system goes into single user mode.
(This is done through an entry in \fIinittab(5)\fP.)
\fBInit\fP also
tries to execute \fIsulogin\fP when
the boot loader (e.g., \fBgrub\fP(8))
passes it the \fB\-b\fP option.
.PP
The user is prompted
.IP "" .5i
Give root password for system maintenance
.br
(or type Control\-D for normal startup):
.PP
\fIsulogin\fP will be connected to the current terminal, or to the
optional device that can be specified on the command line
(typically \fB/dev/console\fP).
.PP
If the \fB\-t\fP option is used then the program only waits
the given number of seconds for user input.
.PP
If the \fB\-p\fP option is used then the single-user shell is invoked
with a \fIdash\fP as the first character in \fIargv[0]\fP.
This causes the shell process to behave as a login shell.
The default is \fInot\fP to do this,
so that the shell will \fInot\fP read \fB/etc/profile\fP
or \fB$HOME/.profile\fP at startup.
.PP
After the user exits the single-user shell,
or presses control\-D at the prompt,
the system will (continue to) boot to the default runlevel.
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
\fIsulogin\fP looks for the environment variable \fBSUSHELL\fP or
\fBsushell\fP to determine what shell to start. If the environment variable
is not set, it will try to execute root's shell from /etc/passwd. If that
fails it will fall back to \fB/bin/sh\fP.
.PP
This is very valuable together with the \fB\-b\fP option to init. To boot
the system into single user mode, with the root file system mounted read/write,
using a special "fail safe" shell that is statically linked (this example
is valid for the LILO bootprompt)
.PP
boot: linux \-b rw sushell=/sbin/sash
.SH FALLBACK METHODS
\fIsulogin\fP checks the root password using the standard method (getpwnam)
first.
Then, if the \fB\-e\fP option was specified,
\fIsulogin\fP examines these files directly to find the root password:
.PP
/etc/passwd,
.br
/etc/shadow (if present)
.PP
If they are damaged or nonexistent, sulogin will start a root shell
without asking for a password. Only use the \fB\-e\fP option if you
are sure the console is physically protected against unauthorized access.
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@cistron.nl>
.SH SEE ALSO
init(8), inittab(5).

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'\" -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
.\" Copyright (C) 1998-2003 Miquel van Smoorenburg.
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
.\" Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.\"
.TH WALL 1 "15 April 2003" "" "Linux User's Manual"
.SH NAME
wall -- send a message to everybody's terminal.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B wall
.RB [ \-n ]
.RB [ " message " ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Wall
sends a message to everybody logged in with their
.IR mesg (1)
permission
set to
.BR yes .
The message can be given as an argument to
.IR wall ,
or it can be sent to
.IR wall 's
standard input. When using the standard input from a terminal,
the message should be terminated with the
.B EOF
key (usually Control-D).
.PP
The length of the message is limited to 20 lines.
For every invocation of
.I wall
a notification will be written to syslog, with facility
.B LOG_USER
and level
.BR LOG_INFO .
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB\-n\fn
Suppresses the normal banner printed by
.IR wall ,
changing it to "Remote broadcast message".
This option is only available for root if
.I wall
is installed set-group-id, and is used by
.IR rpc.walld (8).
.PP
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.I Wall
ignores the
.B TZ
variable - the time printed in the banner is based on the system's
local time.
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR mesg (1),
.IR rpc.rwalld (8).
.SH AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl