This patch is inspired by the 'minimize numa overhead'
patch. It trades the use of subscripts for pointers to
avoid gcc repeated subscript offset calculation bloat.
Now, throughout the cpus_refresh function, a subscript
will be resolved just once & this will (dramatically?)
reduce the path-length taken for each and every frame!
For example, a non-optimized compilation could produce
400+ fewer machine instructions through pointer usage.
[ ok, optimized compiles only save 18+ instructions! ]
Lastly, any residual 'symmetry only' crap is now gone!
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
A recent libnuma potential corruption problem solution
has caused me to reevaluate some associated numa logic
for efficiency. Here is a summary of the problems that
exist with current libnuma/user possible interactions:
. Whenever the numa library was present extra overhead
would always be incurred in maintaining the node stats
even when the '2' or '3' commands were not being used.
. As part of such overhead a separate loop was used to
reinitialize each cpu/node structure with each display
cycle so that prior accumulated totals were preserved.
Again, it didn't matter if numa data was really shown.
This commit attempts to refocus on the 'critical path'
costs in a running top by optimizing for the occasions
when numa node data is not being displayed. Under such
conditions, no extra overhead will be incurred whether
or not a distribution has the libnuma library present.
To achieve this goal, some additional overhead will be
incurred, but only when actually displaying numa data.
And all such new costs have been minimized in spite of
the gcc inclination to duplicate subscript resolution.
Reference(s):
commit 24bd950cb2e1722d459461f0f9c0c30a4b9ffdaa
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
A recent libnuma potential corruption problem solution
suggests that libnuma could change in the future so as
to not spew to stderr. This then raises a question how
top could exploit any such library change since we are
currently locked into version #1 of the library by way
of our dlopen("libnuma.so.1", RTLD_LAZY) runtime call.
While not an ultimate solution, this commit will first
try for the most recent version of that library during
top's startup before trying the original libnuma.so.1.
We do this via the unqualified library soname symlink.
For this new dlopen() call to succeed, technically the
numa 'devel' package would usually have been required,
but that's not always true with every distro. And when
the libnuma.so symlink isn't present, it can always be
manually added should a newer & better behaved library
arrive & users tire of the stderr warning at top exit.
Reference(s):
commit 24bd950cb2e1722d459461f0f9c0c30a4b9ffdaa
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Confession is supposed to be good for the sole, right?
After a senior moment regarding the 'x' toggle quirks,
and thinking top had somehow regressed, I concluded an
additional explanatory note might well be appropriate.
Those quirks were already documented under the 5d & 5e
topics. But there was no such caution documented under
the 'x' command explanation itself, found in topic 4c.
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
There is a chance that the libnuma library may corrupt
top's display with some stderr warning messages in the
event something under /sys/devices/system/node/ cannot
be accessed. And, while 2 overridable 'weak' functions
are provided to alter such behavior, we can't use them
since top dynamically links to the library via dlopen.
This commit will redirect stderr to '/dev/null' during
just the first screen display cycle. Thus we can avoid
the corruption which would have remained visible until
the underlining screen row's data had finally changed.
Lastly, this patch should allow such a library warning
to actually appear when one finally exits our program.
[ i think the libnuma folks should consider changing ]
[ the error/warning interfaces to accommodate dlopen ]
[ rather than forcing something like the ugly kludge ]
[ we have employed or libnuma dependency on everyone ]
Reference(s):
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=998678
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When Other filtering was introduced the nature of what
constituted a displayed row changed. No longer would a
task_show() call guarantee that another line is shown.
Rather, a non-empty string must have also been tested.
Unfortunately, when any task window was being filtered
for 'idle' mode or a particular 'user', the proc index
was incremented twice due to the perils of copy/paste.
Combining such an index increment with the new test of
task_show results works fine if filtering is inactive.
This was a particularly insidious bug which meant that
an adjacent task would be skipped whenever the current
task met 'idle' and/or 'user' filter criteria, and was
not otherwise excluded due to 'Other' filter criteria.
And, since it was the very next task that was ignored,
the bug was very susceptible to a window's sort order.
This could be illustrated when filtering on some user,
while sorting on PID. Then, toggling Forest View could
make otherwise unseen tasks appear and then disappear.
User workarounds are possible via interactive commands
trading the 'i' and 'u'/'U' provisions for the 'o'/'O'
other filtering capability thus avoiding an extra i++.
But that is certainly less than ideal and doesn't help
the 3.3.7 and 3.3.8 distorted command line provisions.
( this little buggie may end up costing me my pocket )
( protector, my coding badge & maybe even my cubicle )
Reference(s):
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/Idle-elides-nonidle-processes
. bug originated with 'Other' filtering
commit 5edc6fb317
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This patch adds the final newline when exiting 'Batch'
mode. Interestingly, it has been missing since release
3.3.5 but undetected until the Redhat bugzilla report.
Reference(s):
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1008674
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Normally, the internally tracked 'Screen_cols' can not
exceed the lessor of 512 or actual screen width. There
was one case, however, where that 512 byte upper limit
was no longer properly imposed as it should have been.
When operating in 'Batch' mode the actual screen width
was allowed to be exceeded when the optional -w switch
was also used. But, it should never have exceeded 512.
This patch ensures the upper limit is always observed.
Reference(s):
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=721204
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This patch addresses the four '-Wunused-result' errors
generated whenever an optimized compile is invoked. It
also made the configs_read() guy a little more robust.
In the process, some logic was rearranged slightly and
some comments were re-indented simply for consistency.
Reference(s):
warning: ignoring return value of 'fgets', declared with attribute warn_unused_result [-Wunused-result]
warning: ignoring return value of 'fscanf', declared with attribute warn_unused_result [-Wunused-result]
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When the final solution for cursor positioning for all
^Z or ^C cases was introduced the revised placement of
message line management introduced with the window mgr
'screen' refactor was retained. Those two commits mean
that a former tgoto was no longer needed when clearing
that msg line or displaying the scroll coordinate msg.
This patch eliminates the tgoto employed by frame_make
while assimilating a now defunct show_scroll function.
Reference(s):
. final cursor positioning for ^Z or ^C
commit 46a1356219
. 'screen' window manager refactor
commit 0fe393ff27
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This patch just provides a visual clue to separate the
values reported for cached Memory from other values on
the Swapped line (which is being shared due to space).
Reference(s):
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=718670
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Some more (very obscure) conditions where a suspension
or program end might embed the shell prompt within top
output have been uncovered beyond the 2 already known.
We had already covered some suspend/end contingencies:
1. the users were using the 'fields management' screen
2. the users were prompted for any line oriented input
However, there remained some situations where ^Z or ^C
could still produce a misplaced cursor + shell prompt:
3. the 'g' command while waiting for the window choice
4. the 'W' command if about to overwrite an old rcfile
5. the '=' command when exploiting the Inspect feature
6. the period during which any error message was shown
But, even when all those bases are covered there still
remains a remote possibility that such interrupts will
occur during a top repaint cycle. So rather than throw
yet more code at these self-inflicted problems perhaps
it is better if we just throw in the proverbial towel.
Thus, I'll take the only sane approach and restore the
results expected ever since top's inception and before
scrollback buffers entered the picture. Namely, with a
^Z or ^C the cursor will be placed on the final screen
row. That usually means it will immediately follow the
last output line but it may follow many blank lines if
the user interrupts top when *not* on the main screen.
Reference(s):
. expanded repositioning (for line oriented input)
commit 33104a2bcc
. introduced repositioning (for fields management)
commit 5c974ff44d
. scrollback buffers (the cursor handling changes)
commit dedaf6e1a8
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
An obscure bug has been discovered where a 'W' with an
old rcfile, warning against overwrite, would display a
cursor that should normally be hidden. This followed a
user's reply. So some logic was rearranged just a bit.
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
A recent patch introduced the ability to recognize the
need to reposition the cursor at suspension or program
end. There remained unmet 1 additional potential need.
This commit extends that ability to embrace line input
so that if a user issues ^Z or ^C while being prompted
the resulting shell output will no longer be embedded.
Reference(s):
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-library-miscellaneous-tweaks,7
commit 5c974ff44d
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This commit mostly justs renames a few identifiers but
it also will now suppress any end-of-job report if top
wasn't ended via the 'q' key convention (i.e. signal).
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
The title of this commit is actually quite misleading.
Were it more accurate, it would at least mention a tty
emulator's scrollback buffer, which was the cumulation
of a long pursuit to reduce the SIGWINCH overhead when
a window manager carelessly floods an application with
that signal *while* a user is still resizing a window!
Disabling and enabling that scrollback buffer resulted
in the final top display replaced with original screen
contents, a phenomenon acknowledged at the time but it
also represented a user interface change which has now
produced the first request for return to old behavior.
After the SIGWINCH dust settled, another problem arose
regarding behaviors under the 'screen' window manager.
In response, top was refactored a bit to avoid display
corruption. That was before discovering 'screen' could
duplicate the scrollback buffer behavior top expected.
As it turns out, the 'screen' refactoring had probably
made scrollback buffer manipulation unnecessary. Still
one could argue that a window should not be allowed to
scroll while a constantly updating program was active.
The solution represented in this commit returns former
behavior at program end (retaining top's last screen).
And if we ever wish to disable scrollback buffers, the
associated logic was retained but made conditional. It
is not reflected in configure.ac but might be someday.
Lastly, this commit corrects cursor positioning when a
^C is issued under 'Fields Management' at any terminal
that didn't have a scrollback buffer (i.e. a console).
Reference(s):
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=977561http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-library-miscellaneous-tweaks,1
. screen program refactor
commit 0fe393ff27
. scrollback buffer disabled
commit dedaf6e1a8
. sigwinch management defines
commit adca737758
commit 4f33b6b8c5
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
The .Bd and .Ed macros, from the mdoc collection, have
caused a few raised eyebrows (lintian, doclifter, etc)
in the past. With this commit, we will trade their use
for the standard existing groff .nf & .fi equivalents.
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When the plug-in approach to NUMA support was added, I
carelessly employed the compile-time linker convention
for naming the library. Technically this then required
the 'devel' package for NUMA support to be present for
the unqualified soname symlink to be available. Either
that or one must have manually created such a symlink.
This commit adds the missing major version to dlopen()
of libnuma.so.1 so simply having a more likely package
such as 'numactl' will enable both '2' & '3' commands.
References(s):
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-NUMA-node-CPU-utilization-support,25
. initial dlopen support
commit edba932a7e
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
If top were invoked under the 'screen' window manager,
writing the terminfo string 'exit_ca_mode' at top exit
would not restore the display to the state existing at
the time top was started. That's what occurs normally.
The net result of that failure was a corrupted screen.
However, there is a 'screen' configuration option that
will produce proper 'rmcup' behavior, but it is off by
default. That screencr option is known as 'altscreen'.
I stumbled across this provision by cloning the screen
git repository then searching for references to 'cup'.
If 'altscreen on' had been in either the /etc/screenrc
or the $HOME/.screenrc configuration file, my poor old
top would never have been accused of such corruptions.
Of course, the Programming Gods decree that any simple
solution for our problem must always be revealed last.
So before discovering that rc option, another approach
was taken involving top only. With just a little extra
refactoring of top display logic he was made immune to
any such quirk in the implementation of 'smcup/rmcup'.
I always feel good about any enhancement that actually
reduces the total number of lines of code. Even though
this change involved mostly rearranging some logic, it
yielded one less line (can't judge by diffstat because
of braces & notes). Anyway, rather than requiring some
change to a screenrc file, now we are self-sufficient.
Reference(s):
procps ---------------------------------------------
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=962022http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-procpsng337-no-screen-cleaning-at-exit,3
. top : disable tty scrollback buffer to improve SIGWINCH
commit dedaf6e1a8
screen ---------------------------------------------
git://git.sv.gnu.org/screen.git
. Improve cursor store/restore on smcup/rmcup.
commit f95352946080be803b794c9f2733d8c809c1a39a
. Fix using alternate screen buffers in some cases.
commit ad56f746c6243d45124485d198d577bdbb78071c
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=558724
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When summary & task area memory scaling was introduced
in release 3.3.6, the memory field widths were widened
slightly so unscaled KiB values could be provided more
consistently and scaled values (beyond MiB) could show
3 decimal places of precision. However, some users may
prefer the former widths/precisions for memory fields.
This commit will provide a build time configure option
to return top to those former defaults as a compliment
to a new %CPU & %MEM field precision configure option.
Reference(s):
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=707648
commit 21e550bc08
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When summary & task area memory scaling was introduced
in release 3.3.6, the percentage columns were expanded
to provide 3 decimal places of precision. In hindsight
that may have been overkill, making those columns more
of a distraction than useful, with just too much info.
This patch will revert those columns to the former one
decimal place. And as was true, that decimal point may
be sacrificed depending on the number of cpus present.
And, in case anyone might prefer additional precision,
a build option can provide it (--enable-wide-percent).
Reference(s):
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=707648http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/What-happened-to-my-top,1
commit 21e550bc08
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Some versions of man have had trouble with the leading
apostrophe employed with interactive commands/toggles.
Instead, a '?' would be displayed in their place. With
this patch all such conventions have now been removed.
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
The earlier commit purporting to allow top to be built
in the absence of that dynamic linking library stopped
just a little short of the truth. So this will fix it.
Reference(s):
commit 5686877cd4
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
The NUMA/Nodes support in top has gone through several
evolutions (primarily dealing with build-sys options).
With this commit the library dependency issues are now
moot and the responsibilities for run-time loading and
dynamic linking are assumed by the top program itself.
Henceforth, if top is executed in an environment where
libnuma.so is present, top will offer such extensions.
Even more importantly, when a missing libnuma is later
installed, top will offer numa support auto-magically.
All NUMA/Node build-sys dependencies are thus removed.
The former NUMA_ENABLED define has become NUMA_DISABLE
should anyone wish to test user interface implications
in an environment that *does* have libnuma. It is also
represented as the ./configure option: --disable-numa.
Lastly, the 't' (View_STATES) toggle will be forced on
for sanity whenever the '1', '2' or '3' keys are used.
Reference(s):
. original idea from: Dr. Fink <werner@suse.de>
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-NUMA-node-CPU-utilization-support,18
. original numa suppoort
commit 8d989c68c0
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Oh that poor ol' build system. With this patch it will
have gone through three separate incarnations in terms
of NUMA/Node support. Those 3 iterations consisted of:
1. A 'porridge too hot' where the top numa support was
enabled if it was built in the presence of libnuma and
the numa.h header. But if the numa library wasn't part
of core packages, that would have broken poor old top.
2. A 'porridge too cold' where numa support was off by
default and must have been explicitly enabled when the
./configure script was run. This could have meant that
distros might not distribute a numa-aware procps, even
though their numa library would have been distributed.
3. And this 'porridge' where the top numa support will
become a 'plug-in' feature activated when the presence
of libnuma.so can be verified at runtime. We'll do our
own loading and symbol resolution (with some help from
dlopen in libdl). Thus maintainers' responsibility for
enabling numa support and then satisfying that library
dependency is now an entirely optional --disable-numa.
As Goldilocks might say about our current configure.ac
"Ummm, I think this porridge tastes just about right".
Reference(s):
. 1) too-hot
commit 87ac6383bb
. 2) too-cold
commit 53fd7dd1ed
. original idea from: Dr. Fink <werner@suse.de>
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-NUMA-node-CPU-utilization-support,18
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Almost forever, top has been accessing the /proc/stat/
directory one line at a time until either smp_num_cpus
was reached or (more recently) Screen_rows is reached.
When NUMA/Nodes support is enabled screen rows will no
longer serve as a limit because all cpus must be read.
With this commit, the entire /proc/stat/ directory can
be read at once so all statistics will be frozen. Thus
individual cpus will no longer keep "ticing" until top
gets around to accessing them via some separate fgets.
The distortion this commit eliminates was quite easily
seen when comparing old/new tops using: individual cpu
stats vs. cpu summary; a healthy delay interval of 3-5
seconds; manually synchronized update cycles (the hard
part); some system loading (maybe another top at -d0).
Additionally, this patch eliminates some long standing
unnecessary initialization made possible because of an
allocation via calloc. If some parts are never touched
by sscanf due to a kernel version, it's unnecessary to
repeatedly re-initialize those portions to zero again.
Reference(s):
. numa extensions added
commit 8d989c68c0
. useless initialization evolution (old to new)
commit e54c8239b1
commit 9278134e49
commit fd62123562
commit f348575edc
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
With the addition of NUMA/Node support and the ability
to emulate such support even in the absence of libnuma
and numa.h, the maximum number of cpus top can emulate
was increased to make numa emulation more interesting.
( whew, that's an awful lot of "emulates", me thinks )
Reference(s):
commit 8d989c68c0
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This commit extends the top Summary Area cpu states to
include information on Non-Uniform Memory Architecture
nodes. It is based upon changes originally proposed by
Lance Shelton who was instrumental in the final patch.
With this change, the user will have new commands that
will provide alternatives to the individual cpu stats:
. '2' toggles between cpu & numa node summary displays
. '3' provides node summary and related cpu statistics
These extensions required some minimal system support.
Typically, the numactl package (and maybe libnuma-dev)
are all that's needed to show a single node which owns
all the processors. Failing that, or for slightly more
variety, top also offers a #define named PRETEND_NUMA.
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Signed-off-by: Lance Shelton <LShelton@fusionio.com>
This commit provides the NEWS and man document changes
supporting the new NUMA/Node top program enhancements.
For providing the initial impetus for this enhancement
I wish to thank Lance Shelton <LShelton@fusionio.com>.
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Signed-off-by: Lance Shelton <LShelton@fusionio.com>
This patch provides the build system support for those
top extensions dealing with the NUMA summary displays.
For providing the initial impetus for this enhancement
I wish to thank Lance Shelton <LShelton@fusionio.com>.
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Signed-off-by: Lance Shelton <LShelton@fusionio.com>
When 'Other Filtering' was introduced the idea of what
constituted a displayed row changed. No longer was any
call to task_show assured of consuming one screen row.
Now the determining factor was whether or not the rows
were empty. This worked Ok until a certain Find string
was active then the entire display could be corrupted.
With Find active, the task_show() function alters each
returned row while highlighting each visible match. If
the search was on a single byte value & matched at the
beginning of a row the match got overwritten with '\0'
which then appears empty upon return to window_show().
So that row would not be counted as having been shown.
This was best illustrated with a Find on a single ' '.
This patch will restore proper 'Find/Locate' behavior.
Reference(s):
commit 5edc6fb317
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
If the 'Inspect' feature was used to view a file which
contained binary (unprintable) data, and when the last
line for such a file was purely unprintable, then that
line length would be overstated by the terminal width.
This was also the occasion where valgrind might object
over potential reference to some unitialized value(s).
It was a harmless situation and somewhat rare to begin
with. Anyway this commit will eliminate the potential.
Additionally, supporting readfile logic was simplified
and the 'status line' bytes read is now more accurate.
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Some recent nls work on that pmap program necessitated
a return to nls translation file creation for testing.
As it turns out, my skills used in pseudo-translations
had become rusty and some newer LC_MESSAGE directories
may have been introduced since last needing the topic.
This patch just updates some programmer notes to agree
with this most recent effort and for future reference!
Reference(s):
. pmap nls support
commit 0c0c543466
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
There is a member of the osel_s structure called 'flg'
that is used to reflect whether a particular filter is
one of inclusion or exclusion (negation). So by golly,
from now on we'll refer to it as 'inc', and not 'flg'!
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This commit involves very little content change and is
more concerned with better formatting for readability.
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When the command line sort override provisions (-o/-O)
were added, the usage text was modified to keep within
an 80 column terminal but the nls hint didn't keep up.
Reference(s):
commit 407d1fc8f2
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
Two too many of these '=' (cooks) spoiled top's broth.
There exists an unintentional variation on the classic
error: off-by-one. When a negation symbol is used with
top's new relational 'other filter' provision, one too
many 'matches' are excluded. This happened because top
covered only 2 of the 3 potential strcmp return codes.
When the strings were equal, they were simply dropped.
So this patch will uninvent that particular variation!
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
Reference(s):
commit 2c2c5f5cd2
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
When I originally entertained thoughts of maybe adding
relational operators to the new 'Other Filter' feature
the programming challenges seemed just too great. Yet,
when Jaromir suggests its desirability it now suddenly
becomes a reality. Another of life's little mysteries!
At any rate what was already an extremely powerful new
feature is even better by several orders of magnitude!
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
References:
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-beyond-infinity,1
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This commit provides the hard copy support for our new
'Other Filter' feature. The man document contains some
potentially useful examples and it will be interesting
to see what use this new tool is put to in the future.
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
This change represents the extension of user filtering
based on inclusion or exclusion. However where 'U'/'u'
filtering provides an either/or choice, this extension
offers multiple choices applicable to multiple fields.
The 'inclusion' and 'exclusion' criteria can be freely
combined making a powerful tool to fine tune a display
and avoid clutter associated with uninteresting tasks.
I'm convinced it offers unimagined future flexibility!
(everything is perfectly justified plus right margins)
(are completely filled, but of course it must be luck)
Reference(s):
http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-over-the-top,22http://www.freelists.org/post/procps/top-over-the-top,8
Signed-off-by: Jim Warner <james.warner@comcast.net>
