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This API is similar to arc4random_uniform(3). However, for an input of 0, this function is equivalent to csrand(), while arc4random_uniform(0) returns 0. This function will be used to reimplement csrand_interval() as a wrapper around this one. The current implementation of csrand_interval() doesn't produce very good random numbers. It has a bias. And that comes from performing some unnecessary floating-point calculations that overcomplicate the problem. Looping until the random number hits within bounds is unbiased, and truncating unwanted bits makes the overhead of the loop very small. We could reduce loop overhead even more, by keeping unused bits of the random number, if the width of the mask is not greater than ULONG_WIDTH/2, however, that complicates the code considerably, and I prefer to be a bit slower but have simple code. BTW, Björn really deserves the copyright for csrand() (previously known as read_random_bytes()), since he rewrote it almost from scratch last year, and I kept most of its contents. Since he didn't put himself in the copyright back then, and BSD-3-Clause doesn't allow me to attribute derived works, I won't add his name, but if he asks, he should be put in the copyright too. Cc: "Jason A. Donenfeld" <Jason@zx2c4.com> Cc: Cristian Rodríguez <crrodriguez@opensuse.org> Cc: Adhemerval Zanella <adhemerval.zanella@linaro.org> Cc: Björn Esser <besser82@fedoraproject.org> Cc: Yann Droneaud <ydroneaud@opteya.com> Cc: Joseph Myers <joseph@codesourcery.com> Cc: Sam James <sam@gentoo.org> Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> |
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shadow-utils
Introduction
The shadow-utils package includes the necessary programs for converting UNIX password files to the shadow password format, plus programs for managing user and group accounts. The pwconv command converts passwords to the shadow password format. The pwunconv command unconverts shadow passwords and generates a passwd file (a standard UNIX password file). The pwck command checks the integrity of password and shadow files. The lastlog command prints out the last login times for all users. The useradd, userdel, and usermod commands are used for managing user accounts. The groupadd, groupdel, and groupmod commands are used for managing group accounts.
Sites
Contacts
There are several ways to contact us:
- the general discussion mailing list
- the #shadow IRC channel on libera.chat:
- irc://irc.libera.chat/shadow
Mailing archives
- the general discussion mailing list archive
- the commit mailing list archive, only used for historical purposes
Authors and maintainers
Authors and maintainers are listed in AUTHORS.md.