sysklogd/man/syslogd.8

.\"                                                              -*- nroff -*-
.\" Copyright 1994-1996  Dr. Greg Wettstein, Enjellic Systems Development.
.\" Copyright 1997-2008  Martin Schulze <joey@infodrom.org>
.\" Copyright 2018-2019  Joachim Nilsson <troglobit@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License
.\"
.Dd Oct 30, 2019
.Dt syslogd 8
.Os "sysklogd (2.0)"
.Sh NAME
.Nm syslogd
.Nd System Log Daemon
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl ?46Adhnsv
.Op Fl b Ar addr[:port]
.Op Fl b Ar :port
.Op Fl f Ar file
.Op Fl m Ar sec
.Op Fl P Ar file
.Op Fl p Ar sock
.Op Fl R Ar size[:count]
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm
support RFC3164 and RFC5424 style log messages for both local and remote
logging using Internet and UNIX domain sockets.  Differences in style is
shown below.  The companion daemon,
.Xr klogd 8 ,
is used for trapping kernel messages and events.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact -width "RFC3164:"
.It RFC3164:
.Cm Aug 24 05:14:15 192.0.2.1 myproc[8710]: Kilroy was here.
.It RFC5424:
.Cm 2003-08-24T05:14:15.000003-07:00 192.0.2.1 myproc 8710 - - Kilroy was here.
.El
.Pp
Note, for remote logging the messages are prefixed with
.Cm <PRI>
or
.Cm <PRI>1 ,
respectively.
.Pp
.Nm
is derived from BSD sources, today
.Fx
is the reference for
.Nm
and
.Nx
for the new
.Xr syslogp 3
API, which fully supports the new features of RFC5424.  Please note; 1)
the intention is to follow standard BSD
.Nm
behavior, 2) despite having a stand-alone
.Xr syslog 3 ,
and
.Xr syslogp 3
API in
.Lb libsyslog ,
this version of
.Nm
interacts transparently with the standard C library
.Xr syslog 3
API, as implemented in GLIBC, musl libc, and uClibc.
.Pp
When
.Nm
starts up it reads its main configuration file
.Pa /etc/syslog.conf ,
or an alternate file given with the
.Fl f Ar file
option.  For details on how to configure syslog priority
(facility.severity) filtering, see
.Xr syslog.conf 5 .
.Sh OPTIONS
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 4
Force
.Nm
to use IPv4 addresses only.
.It Fl 6
Force
.Nm
to use IPv6 addresses only.
.It Fl A
Ordinarily,
.Nm
tries to send the message to only one address even if the host has
more than one A or AAAA record.  If this option is specified,
.Nm
tries to send the message to all addresses.
.It Fl b Ar address[:service]
.It Fl b Ar :service
Bind to a specific address and/or port.  The address can be specified as
a hostname, and the port as a service name.  If an IPv6 address is
specified, it should be enclosed with
.Sq \&[
and
.Sq \&] .
The default service is
.Ql syslog
(514/udp).  This option can be specified multiple times to bind to
multiple addresses and/or ports.
.It Fl d
Turns on debug mode.  This implicitly enables
.Fl n
to prevent
.Nm
from backgrounding itself.  Debug information is written to the current
TTY.  SIGUSR1 is required to confirm continued debug messages when the
daemon has finished started up.  See the
.Sx DEBUGGING
section for more information.
.It Fl f Ar file
Specify an alternative configuration file instead of the default
.Pa /etc/syslog.conf .
.It Fl h
By default syslogd will not forward messages it receives from remote
hosts.  Specifying this switch on the command line will cause the log
daemon to forward any remote messages it receives to forwarding hosts
which have been defined.  This can cause syslog loops that fill up hard
disks quite fast and thus needs to be used with caution.
.It Fl m Ar seconds
.Nm
logs a mark timestamp regularly.  The default interval between two
.Ql -- MARK --
lines is 20 minutes.  This can be changed with this option.  Setting
this to zero disables log marks entirely.
.Pp
Depending on other log messages generated these lines may not be written
consecutively.  The
.Ql -- MARK --
message is only written if the log file hasn't been touched in
.Ar (SEC * 60) / 2
minutes.
.It Fl n
Run in foreground, required when run from a modern init/supervisor.  See
your system
.Xr init 1
for details.
.It Fl P Ar file
Specify an alternate file in which to store the process ID.
The default is
.Pa /var/run/syslog.pid .
.It Fl p Ar socket
Specify an alternate UNIX domain socket instead of the default
.Pa /dev/log .
When a single
.Fl p
option is specified, the default pathname is replaced with the specified
one.  When two or more
.Fl p
options are specified, the remaining pathnames are treated as additional
log sockets.  This might be needed when running applications in
containers or a
.Xr chroot 8
environment.
.It Fl R Ar size[:count]
Enable built-in support for log rotation of files listed in
.Pa /etc/syslog.conf .
This feature is particulary useful for small and embedded systems that
do not want the overhead of
.Xr cron 8
and
.Xr logrotate 8 .
.Pp
The option controls the max size and number of backup files kept by the
built-in log-rotation.  When present on the command line it activates
log rotation of all files with the given maximum size.  It is also
possible to control log rotate per log file, see
.Xr syslog.conf 5
for details.
.Pp
The size argument takes optional modifiers; k, M, G.  E.g., 100M is
100MB, 42k is 42 kB, etc.
.Pp
The optional number of files kept include both gzipped files and the
first rotated (not zipped) file.  The default for this, when omitted,
is 5.
.It Fl s
Operate in secure mode.  Do not log messages from remote machines.  If
specified twice, no network socket will be opened at all, which also
disables logging to remote machines.
.It Fl v
Print
.Nm
version and exit.
.Sh CONFIGURATION FILE SYNTAX DIFFERENCES
.Nm
uses a slightly different syntax for its configuration file than the
original BSD sources.  First, rules may now also have a third field
.Cm ;OPTION .
Several options are supported, comma separated, that control formatting
and log rotation, for more on this see
.Xr syslog.conf 5 .
Second, originally all messages of a specific priority and above were
forwarded to the log file.
.Pp
For example the following line send all output from daemons using the
daemon facilities (debug is the lowest priority, so every higher will
also match) to go into
.Pa /var/log/daemons :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# Sample syslog.conf
daemon.debug		/var/log/daemons
.Ed
.Pp
With
.Nm
this behavior remains the same.  The difference is the addition of four
additional specifiers, the asterisk ('*') wildcard, the equation sign
('='), the exclamation mark ('!'), and the minus sign ('-').
.Pp
The '*' specifies that all messages for the specified facility are to be
directed to the destination.  Note that this behavior is degenerate with
specifying a priority level of debug.  Users have indicated that the
asterisk notation is more intuitive.
.Pp
The '=' wildcard is used to restrict logging to the specified priority
class.  This allows, for example, routing only debug messages to a
particular logging source.
.Pp
For example, the following line in
.Pa /etc/syslog.conf
directs debug messages from all sources to the
.Pa /var/log/debug
file in RFC5424 format, with log rotation every 512 kiB, saving only 20
files in total (including the non-rotated file):
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# Sample syslog.conf
*.=debug		-/var/log/debug	;RFC5424,rotate=512k:20
.Ed
.Pp
.\" The '!' as the first character of a priority inverts the above
.\" mentioned interpretation.
The '!' is used to exclude logging of the specified priorities.  This
affects all (!) possibilities of specifying priorities.
.Pp
For example the following lines in
.Pa syslog.conf
log all messages of facility
.Ql mail
except those with priority
.Ql info
to the
.Pa /var/log/mail 
file.  All messages from
.Ql news.info
(including) to
.Ql news.crit
(excluding) are logged to the
.Pa /var/log/news
file.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# Sample syslog.conf
mail.*;mail.!=info	/var/log/mail
news.info;news.!crit	/var/log/news
.Ed
.Pp
You may use it intuitively as an exception specifier.  The above
mentioned interpretation is simply inverted.  For example, to skip
every message with facility
.Ar mail :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
mail.none
.Ed
or
.Bd -literal -offset indent
mail.!*
.Ed
or
.Bd -literal -offset indent
mail.!debug
.Ed
.Pp
The '-' may only be used to prefix a filename if you want to omit
sync'ing the file after every write to it.
.Sh REMOTE LOGGING
The following modifications provide network support to the
.Nm
facility.  Network support means that messages can be forwarded from one
node running
.Nm
to another node running
.Nm
where they will be actually logged to a disk file.
.Pp
The strategy is to have syslogd listen on a UNIX domain socket for
locally generated log messages.  This behavior will allow syslogd to
inter-operate with the syslog found in the standard C library.  At the
same time syslogd listens on the standard syslog port for messages
forwarded from other hosts.  To have this work correctly the
.Xr services 5
files (typically found in
.Pa /etc/services )
must have the following entry:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
syslog          514/udp
.Ed
.Pp
If this entry is missing
.Nm
cannot receive remote messages, or send them, because the UDP port cannot
be determined.  Instead
.Nm
will die immediately with an error message.
.Pp
To forward messages to to a remote host, replace the file line in the
.Pa syslog.conf
file with the name of the hostname to which the messages is to be sent
prepended with an at ('@') sign.  For remote logging the hostname can
also be appended with the flag
.Ql ;RFC5424
to enable RFC5424 style formatting which includes RFC3339 timestamp and
hostname information, which is not included in the default BSD
.Nm .
.Pp
For example, to forward
.Sy ALL
messages to a remote host use the following
.Pa syslog.conf
entry:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# Sample syslogd configuration file to forward all message
# messages to a remote host using RFC5424 style formatting
*.*		@hostname;RFC5424
.Ed
.Pp
To forward all
.Ql kernel
messages to a remote host the configuration file would be as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# Sample configuration file to forward all kernel
# messages to a remote host.
kern.*		@hostname
.Ed
.Pp
If the remote hostname cannot be resolved at startup, because the
name-server might not be accessible (it may be started after
.Nm ),
.Nm
will retry resolving the name ten times before logging the error.
Another possibility to avoid this is to place the hostname in
.Pa /etc/hosts .
.Pp
To avoid syslog-loops (messages that were received from a remote host
are sent back to the same host, or more complicated to a third host that
sends it back to the first one, and so on),
.Nm
by default does not forward remote messages to another remote server.
If this for some reason is required, use the
.Fl h
option on the command line.  However, this option needs to be handled
with caution since a syslog loop can fill up hard disks quite fast.
.Pp
If the remote host is located in the same domain as the host,
.Nm
is running on, only the simple hostname will be logged instead of the
whole FQDN.
.Pp
The UDP socket used to forward messages to remote hosts or to receive
messages from them is only opened when it is needed.  In releases
prior to 1.3-23 it was opened every time but not opened for reading or
forwarding respectively.
.Sh OUTPUT TO NAMED PIPES (FIFOs)
This version of syslogd has support for logging output to named pipes
(fifos).  A FIFO or named pipe can be used as a destination for log
messages by prepending a pipy symbol ('|') to the name of the file.
This is very handy for debugging.  Note, the FIFO must be created with
the
.Xr mkfifo 1
command before
.Nm
is started.
.Pp
The following configuration file routes debug messages from the kernel
to a FIFO:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# Sample configuration to route kernel debugging
# messages ONLY to /var/log/debug which is a
# named pipe.
kern.=debug	|/var/log/debug
.Ed
.Sh CONCERNS
There is probably one important consideration when installing this
version of syslogd.  This version of syslogd is dependent on proper
formatting of messages by the syslog function.  The functioning of the
syslog function in the shared libraries changed somewhere in the region
of libc.so.4.[2-4].n.  The specific change was to null-terminate the
message before transmitting it to the
.Pa /dev/log
socket.  Proper functioning of this version of
.Nm
is dependent on null-termination of the message.
.Pp
This problem will typically manifest itself if old statically linked
binaries are being used on the system.  Binaries using old versions of
the syslog function will cause empty lines to be logged followed by the
message with the first character in the message removed.  Relinking
these binaries to newer versions of the shared libraries will correct
this problem.
.Sh SECURITY
There is the potential for
.Nm
to be used as a conduit for a denial of service attack.  Thanks go to
.An John Morrison Aq Mt jmorriso@rflab.ee.ubc.ca
for alerting the project of this.  A rogue program(mer) could very
easily flood
.Nm
with syslog messages resulting in the log files consuming all the
remaining space on the filesystem.  Activating logging over network
domain sockets will of course expose a system to risks outside of
programs or individuals on the local machine.
.Pp
There are a number of methods of protecting a machine:
.Bl -enum
.It
Implement kernel firewalling to limit which hosts or networks have
access to the 514/UDP socket.
.It
Logging can be directed to an isolated or non-root filesystem which,
if filled, will not impair the machine.
.It
The ext2 filesystem can be used which can be configured to limit a
certain percentage of a filesystem to usage by root only.
.Sy NOTE:
this requires
.Nm
to be run as a non-root process.  Also, this prevents usage of remote
logging since
.Nm
will be unable to bind to the 514/UDP socket.
.It
Disabling inet domain sockets will limit risk to the local machine.
.El
.Sh DEBUGGING
When debug mode (
.Fl d )
is enabled
.Nm
is very verbose, writing most of what it does on stdout.  Whenever
the configuration file is reread and re-parsed you'll see a tabular,
corresponding to the internal data structure.  This tabular consists of
four fields:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width arguments
.It number
This field contains a serial number starting by zero.  This number
represents the position in the internal data structure (i.e. the array).
If one number is left out then there might be an error in the
corresponding line in
.Pa /etc/syslog.conf .
.It pattern
This field is tricky and represents the internal structure exactly.
Every column stands for a facility, refer to
.Xr syslogp 3 .
As you can see, there are still some facilities left free for former
use, only the left most are used.  Every field in a column represents
the priorities, refer to
.Xr syslogp 3 .
.It action
This field describes the particular action that takes place whenever a
message is received that matches the pattern.  Refer to the
.Xr syslog.conf 5
manpage for all possible actions.
.It arguments
This field shows additional arguments to the actions in the last field.
For file-logging this is the filename for the logfile; for user-logging
this is a list of users; for remote logging this is the hostname of the
machine to log to; for console-logging this is the used console; for
tty-logging this is the specified tty; wall has no additional arguments.
.El
.Sh SIGNALS
.Nm
supports the following signals:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "TERM, QUIT"
.It HUP
This lets
.Nm
perform a re-initialization.  All open files are closed, the
configuration file (see above) is reread and the
.Xr syslog 3
facility is started again.
.It TERM
This tells 
.Nm
to exit gracefully.  Flushing any log files to disk.
.It INT, QUIT
In debug mode these are ignored.  In normal operation they act as
SIGTERM.
.It USR1
In debug mode this switches debugging on/off.  In normal operation
it is ignored.
.El
.Pp
For convenience the PID is, by default, stored in
.Pa /var/run/syslogd.pid .
Example usage:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
kill -SIGNAL `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid`
.Ed
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width TERM
.It Pa /etc/syslog.conf
Configuration file for
.Nm .
See
.Xr syslog.conf 5
for more information.
.It Pa  /dev/log
The UNIX domain socket to from where local syslog messages are read.
.It Pa /var/run/syslogd.pid
The file containing the process id of 
.Nm .
.El
.Sh BUGS
As mentioned in the
.Sx DESCRIPTION ,
.Nm
transparently supports the standard C library
.Xr syslog 3
API.  If a binary linked to the standard C libraries does not operate
correctly, this should be reported as a bug to this project.  See below
for contact details.
.Pp
.Nm
doesn't change the file mode of opened log files at any stage.  If a
file is created it is world readable.  If you want to avoid this, you
have to create it and change permissions on your own.  This could be
done in combination with rotating logfiles using the
.Xr savelog 8
program that is shipped in the 
.Nm smail
3.x distribution.  Remember that it might be a security hole if
everybody is able to read
.Ql auth.*
messages as these might contain passwords.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr syslog.conf 5 ,
.Xr klogd  8 ,
.Xr logger 1 ,
.Xr syslog 2 ,
.Xr syslogp 3 ,
.Xr services 5 ,
.Xr savelog 8 .
.Sh AUTHORS
The system log daemon
.Nm
is originally taken from BSD sources and later updated with new
funcitonality from
.Fx
and
.Nx .
.An -nosplit
.An Greg Wettstein Aq Mt greg@wind.enjellic.com
performed the initial port to Linux.
.An Martin Schulze Aq Mt joey@infodrom.org
fixed some bugs, added several new features and took over maintenance.
.An Joachim Nilsson Aq Mt troglobit@gmail.com
later picked up the aging
.Nm sysklogd
and gave it a home at GitHub with new features imported from
.Fx
and
.Nx .